Hyde Martin, Hagberg Jan, Oxenstierna Gabriel, Theorell Töres, Westerlund Hugo
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, UK.
Scand J Public Health. 2004;32(5):368-73. doi: 10.1080/14034940410027902.
The combination of population ageing and increasingly early labour market exit (LME) throughout Europe has made older age a key issue in social policy and research. There is increasing awareness that older people are a heterogeneous group in which health inequalities persist. However, the effects of different types of LME on health have received relatively little attention. Existing studies reach different conclusions. This might be due to several reasons: different types of LME are rarely explored in conjuncture; studies often lack objective assessments of health and frequently rely on small populations. This paper aims to test the relative effects of different LME on the risk of hospitalization compared with those who remained in paid employment.
Using Government register data on pooled cross-section samples of Swedish workers aged 55-63 years (n=7,024) the authors have compared the likelihood of hospitalization for three types of LME - disability pension (fortidpension), unemployment, and early retirement - with those who continue working.
Controlling for previous hospitalization, sex, age, social class, and health at work a significant increased risk of hospitalization was found following LME for the unemployed (OR=1.98).
Early LME is a varied process with mixed effects on health, and hence is of possible importance for policy, which, therefore, requires more attention. Programmes to help older unemployed workers back into work will have positive health effects for individuals and reduce welfare costs of hospitalization.
欧洲人口老龄化与劳动力市场提前退出（LME）现象日益普遍，使得老年人问题成为社会政策与研究的关键议题。人们愈发意识到老年人是一个存在健康不平等现象的异质性群体。然而，不同类型的劳动力市场提前退出对健康的影响却较少受到关注。现有研究得出了不同结论。这可能是由于以下几个原因：不同类型的劳动力市场提前退出很少被综合探讨；研究往往缺乏对健康的客观评估，且常常基于小样本。本文旨在检验与仍从事有偿工作的人群相比，不同类型的劳动力市场提前退出对住院风险的相对影响。
作者利用瑞典55 - 63岁工人汇总横截面样本的政府登记数据（n = 7,024），比较了三种劳动力市场提前退出类型——残疾抚恤金（fortidpension）、失业和提前退休——与继续工作人群的住院可能性。
在控制了既往住院史、性别、年龄、社会阶层和工作时的健康状况后，发现失业导致劳动力市场提前退出后住院风险显著增加（比值比 = 1.98）。
劳动力市场提前退出是一个多样的过程，对健康有复杂影响，因此对政策可能具有重要意义，政策需要更多关注。帮助老年失业工人重返工作岗位的计划将对个人产生积极的健康影响，并降低住院的福利成本。
