Efroymson Rebecca A, Nicolette Joseph P, Suter Glenn W
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6036, USA.
Environ Manage. 2004 Sep;34(3):315-31. doi: 10.1007/s00267-004-0089-7. Epub 2004 Aug 24.
Net environmental benefits are gains in value of environmental services or other ecological properties attained by remediation or ecological restoration minus the value of adverse environmental effects caused by those actions. Net environmental benefit analysis (NEBA) is a methodology for comparing and ranking net environmental benefits associated with multiple management alternatives. A NEBA for chemically contaminated sites typically involves comparison of several management alternatives: (1) leaving contamination in place; (2) physically, chemically, or biologically remediating the site through traditional means; (3) improving ecological value through onsite and offsite restoration alternatives that do not directly focus on removal of chemical contamination; or (4) a combination of those alternatives. NEBA involves activities that are common to remedial alternatives analysis for state regulations and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, post-closure and corrective action permits under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, evaluation of generic types of response actions pertinent to the Oil Pollution Act, and land management actions that are negotiated with regulatory agencies in flexible regulatory environments (i.e., valuing environmental services or other ecological properties, assessing adverse impacts, and evaluating remediation or restoration options). This article presents a high-level framework for NEBA at contaminated sites with subframeworks for natural attenuation (the contaminated reference state), remediation, and ecological restoration alternatives. Primary information gaps related to NEBA include nonmonetary valuation methods, exposure-response models for all stressors, the temporal dynamics of ecological recovery, and optimal strategies for ecological restoration.
净环境效益是指通过修复或生态恢复所获得的环境服务或其他生态属性的价值增益，减去这些行动所造成的不利环境影响的价值。净环境效益分析（NEBA）是一种用于比较和排列与多种管理方案相关的净环境效益的方法。针对化学污染场地的净环境效益分析通常涉及对几种管理方案的比较：（1）让污染物留在原地；（2）通过传统手段对场地进行物理、化学或生物修复；（3）通过不直接着眼于去除化学污染的场内和场外恢复方案来提高生态价值；或（4）这些方案的组合。净环境效益分析涉及一些活动，这些活动在州法规的补救方案分析、《综合环境响应、赔偿和责任法》、《资源保护和回收法》规定的关闭后和纠正行动许可、与《石油污染法》相关的一般类型响应行动的评估以及在灵活监管环境中与监管机构协商的土地管理行动（即评估环境服务或其他生态属性、评估不利影响以及评估修复或恢复方案）中很常见。本文提出了一个针对污染场地净环境效益分析的高层次框架，以及自然衰减（污染参考状态）、修复和生态恢复方案的子框架。与净环境效益分析相关的主要信息缺口包括非货币估值方法、所有压力源的暴露-反应模型、生态恢复的时间动态以及生态恢复的最佳策略。
