Wong Agnes M F
Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, and Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Surv Ophthalmol. 2004 Nov-Dec;49(6):563-75. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2004.08.002.
Listing's law governs the three-dimensional orientation of the eye and its axes of rotation. It states that, when the head is fixed, there is an eye position called primary position, such that the eye assumes only those orientations that can be reached from primary position by a single rotation about an axis in a plane called Listing's plane. Listing's law can also be expressed in terms of any initial eye position, not just primary position (Listing's half-angle rule). The binocular extension of Listing's law is equivalent to Listing's law when the vergence angle is zero, and adjusts the eyes' torsion when they converge. Listing's law holds during fixation, saccades, smooth pursuit, and vergence, but not during sleep and vestibulo-ocular reflex, suggesting that it is actively implemented by a neural mechanism. Orbital constraints, such as "pulleys," may also play a role. Adherence to Listing's law and its extension may serve the purpose of optimizing motor efficiency, or simplifying neural processing for binocular vision, or both. The study of Listing's law not only allows us to understand the organization of neural and mechanical factors in the control of three-dimensional eye movements, it also has important clinical implications for strabismus and the optimal management of this disorder.
利斯廷定律支配着眼睛的三维定向及其旋转轴。该定律指出，当头固定时，存在一个称为初始位置的眼睛位置，使得眼睛仅呈现那些可通过在一个称为利斯廷平面的平面内绕轴进行单次旋转从初始位置到达的定向。利斯廷定律也可以用任何初始眼睛位置来表述，而不仅仅是初始位置（利斯廷半角规则）。当辐辏角为零时，利斯廷定律的双眼扩展等同于利斯廷定律，并在双眼辐辏时调整眼睛的扭转。利斯廷定律在注视、扫视、平稳跟踪和辐辏过程中成立，但在睡眠和前庭眼反射过程中不成立，这表明它是由一种神经机制积极实施的。眼眶约束，如“滑车”，也可能起作用。遵循利斯廷定律及其扩展可能有助于优化运动效率，或简化双眼视觉的神经处理，或两者兼而有之。对利斯廷定律的研究不仅使我们能够理解控制三维眼球运动中的神经和机械因素的组织，它对斜视及该疾病的最佳治疗也具有重要的临床意义。
