Haslam Nick, Bastian Brock, Bissett Melanie
University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2004 Dec;30(12):1661-73. doi: 10.1177/0146167204271182.
Two studies examine implicit theories about the nature of personality characteristics, asking whether they are understood as underlying essences. Consistent with the hypothesis, essentialist beliefs about personality formed a coherent and replicable set. Personality characteristics differed systematically in the extent to which they were judged to be discrete, biologically based, immutable, informative, consistent across situations, and deeply inherent within the person. In Study 1, the extent to which characteristics were essentialized was positively associated with their perceived desirability, prevalence, and emotionality. In Study 2, essentialized characteristics were judged to be particularly important for defining people's identity, for forming impressions of people, and for communicating about a third person. The findings indicate that people understand some personality attributes in an essentialist fashion, that these attributes are taken to be valued elements of a shared human nature, and that they are particularly central to social identity and judgment.
两项研究考察了关于人格特质本质的内隐理论，探讨人们是否将其理解为潜在的本质。与假设一致，关于人格的本质主义信念形成了一个连贯且可复制的集合。人格特质在被判断为离散、基于生物学、不可改变、信息丰富、跨情境一致以及深深内在于个体的程度上存在系统性差异。在研究1中，特质被本质化的程度与它们被感知到的可取性、普遍性和情感性呈正相关。在研究2中，被本质化的特质被认为对于定义人们的身份、形成对他人的印象以及谈论第三方尤为重要。研究结果表明，人们以本质主义的方式理解某些人格属性，这些属性被视为人类共有的有价值元素，并且它们对于社会身份和判断尤为核心。
