Graziano William G, Habashi Meara M, Sheese Brad E, Tobin Renée M
Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, IN 47907-2081, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007 Oct;93(4):583-99. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.583.
This research program explored links among prosocial motives, empathy, and helping behavior. Preliminary work found significant relations among components of self-reported empathy and personality (N = 223). In Study 1, the authors examined the generality of prosocial behavior across situations and group memberships of victims (N = 622). In Study 2, empathic focus and the victim's outgroup status were experimentally manipulated (N = 87). Study 3 (N = 245) replicated and extended Study 2 by collecting measures of prosocial emotions before helping. In Study 4 (N = 244), empathic focus and cost of helping as predictors of helping behavior were experimentally manipulated. Overall, prosocial motivation is linked to (a) Agreeableness as a dimension of personality, (b) proximal prosocial cognition and motives, and (c) helping behavior across a range of situations and victims. In persons low in prosocial motivation, when costs of helping are high, efforts to induce empathy situationally can undermine prosocial behavior.
本研究项目探讨了亲社会动机、同理心和帮助行为之间的联系。初步研究发现，自我报告的同理心和人格各成分之间存在显著关系（N = 223）。在研究1中，作者考察了亲社会行为在不同情境和受害者群体归属中的普遍性（N = 622）。在研究2中，对同理心焦点和受害者的外群体身份进行了实验性操纵（N = 87）。研究3（N = 245）通过在提供帮助之前收集亲社会情感的测量数据，重复并扩展了研究2。在研究4（N = 244）中，对作为帮助行为预测因素的同理心焦点和帮助成本进行了实验性操纵。总体而言，亲社会动机与以下因素相关：（a）作为人格维度之一的宜人性，（b）近端亲社会认知和动机，以及（c）在一系列情境和受害者中的帮助行为。在亲社会动机较低的个体中，当帮助成本较高时，情境性地诱发同理心可能会破坏亲社会行为。
