Appel Klaus E
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
Drug Metab Rev. 2004 Oct;36(3-4):763-86. doi: 10.1081/dmr-200033490.
Organotin compounds have a broad range of applications. While dialkyltin compounds are used primarily as stabilizers for plastics, trisubstituted organotins are mainly used as biocides e.g., as an active ingredient of marine antifouling paints for boats and ships. Since a number of organotin compounds have been demonstrated to be toxic, there is increasing concern that their widespread use may cause adverse effects within environmental and biological systems. Besides carcinogenic and neurotoxic effects, as well as effects on the reproductive system, the most obvious mammalian effects of both various di- and trisubstituted organotins were found on the immune system. Exposure of humans to organotin compounds can take place through consumption of contaminated fish and seafood. In human liver samples, mainly dibutyltin, the metabolite of tributyltin, could be detected indicating that organotin compounds are bioavailable after dietary exposure. The objective of this short review is to present various toxicokinetic aspects of organotin compounds in more detail. While several studies using in vitro systems investigated their metabolism especially by the monooxygenase system, various aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) pathways of different organotin compounds were described by data obtained from several studies with laboratory animals. However, most of these studies were not conducted as full ADME studies but dealt only with some of these aspects. Therefore, for definitive conclusions in some cases, additional information is requested. By reviewing and updating the current literature consideration was given preferentially to those organotin compounds which have relevance with respect to human exposure and/or toxicological effects.
有机锡化合物有着广泛的应用。二烷基锡化合物主要用作塑料稳定剂，而三取代有机锡主要用作杀生剂，例如作为船舶海洋防污漆的活性成分。由于已证实多种有机锡化合物具有毒性，人们越来越担心它们的广泛使用可能会在环境和生物系统中造成不利影响。除了致癌、神经毒性作用以及对生殖系统的影响外，各种二取代和三取代有机锡对哺乳动物最明显的影响是在免疫系统方面。人类接触有机锡化合物可通过食用受污染的鱼类和海鲜发生。在人类肝脏样本中，主要可检测到三丁基锡的代谢产物二丁基锡，这表明饮食接触后有机锡化合物具有生物可利用性。这篇简短综述的目的是更详细地介绍有机锡化合物的各种毒代动力学方面。虽然一些使用体外系统的研究调查了它们的代谢，特别是通过单加氧酶系统的代谢，但不同有机锡化合物的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄（ADME）途径的各个方面是通过对实验动物的多项研究获得的数据来描述的。然而，这些研究大多并非完整的ADME研究，而只是涉及其中一些方面。因此，在某些情况下为得出明确结论，还需要更多信息。通过回顾和更新当前文献，优先考虑了那些与人类接触和/或毒理学效应相关的有机锡化合物。
