Rüdel Heinz
Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57377 Schmallenberg, Germany.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2003 Sep;56(1):180-9. doi: 10.1016/s0147-6513(03)00061-7.
This article reviews the literature related to the bioavailability of tin, inorganic tin compounds, and organotin compounds. On the one hand, the toxicity of metallic tin and inorganic tin compounds is low. In aqueous systems, the potential bioavailability of tin seems to depend on the concentration of the truly dissolved ion species. Some studies suggest that tin is an essential trace element for humans. However, organotin compounds have been proven to be of toxicological relevance. Triorganotin compounds are particularly toxic explaining their wide use as biocides (e.g., in antifouling paints or pesticides). Persistence of organotin compounds is governed by moderate to fast aerobic biotic degradation processes, slow anaerobic biotic degradation, slow abiotic degradation by photolysis, and fast, but reversible, adsorption/desorption processes. Organotin compounds are ubiquitously distributed in aquatic organisms. Bioconcentration in organisms and ecotoxicity are dependent on the bioavailable fraction. The bioavailability is highest at neutral and slightly alkaline pH and is reduced in the presence of dissolved organic carbon. The biomagnification of organotin compounds via the food chain is of minor importance compared with the bioconcentration from the water phase.
本文综述了与锡、无机锡化合物和有机锡化合物生物利用度相关的文献。一方面，金属锡和无机锡化合物的毒性较低。在水体系中，锡的潜在生物利用度似乎取决于真正溶解的离子物种的浓度。一些研究表明，锡是人类必需的微量元素。然而，有机锡化合物已被证明具有毒理学相关性。三有机锡化合物毒性尤其大，这解释了它们作为杀生物剂被广泛使用的原因（例如，用于防污漆或杀虫剂中）。有机锡化合物的持久性受中度至快速的需氧生物降解过程、缓慢的厌氧生物降解、缓慢的光解非生物降解以及快速但可逆的吸附/解吸过程的控制。有机锡化合物广泛分布于水生生物中。生物体内的生物富集和生态毒性取决于生物可利用部分。生物利用度在中性和微碱性pH条件下最高，在存在溶解有机碳的情况下会降低。与从水相中的生物富集相比，有机锡化合物通过食物链的生物放大作用不太重要。
