Pasare Chandrashekhar, Medzhitov Ruslan
Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S660, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
Microbes Infect. 2004 Dec;6(15):1382-7. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.08.018.
Detection of and response to microbial infections by the immune system depends largely on a family of pattern-recognition receptors called Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These receptors recognize conserved molecular products derived from various classes of pathogens, including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, DNA and RNA viruses, fungi and protozoa. Recognition of ligands by TLRs leads to a series of signaling events resulting in induction of acute responses necessary to kill the pathogen. TLRs are also responsible for the induction of dendritic cell maturation, which is responsible and necessary for initiation of adaptive immune responses. Although TLRs control induction of adaptive immunity, it is not clear at this point how responses are appropriately tailored by individual TLRs to the advantage of the host.
免疫系统对微生物感染的检测和反应很大程度上依赖于一类称为Toll样受体（TLR）的模式识别受体。这些受体识别源自各类病原体的保守分子产物，包括革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌、DNA和RNA病毒、真菌及原生动物。TLR对配体的识别会引发一系列信号事件，从而诱导产生杀死病原体所需的急性反应。TLR还负责诱导树突状细胞成熟，而树突状细胞成熟对于启动适应性免疫反应至关重要且必不可少。虽然TLR控制适应性免疫的诱导，但目前尚不清楚各个TLR如何针对宿主的优势对反应进行适当调整。
