Janssen Daniela, Nachreiner Friedhelm
Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky Universitaet Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
Rev Saude Publica. 2004 Dec;38 Suppl:11-8. doi: 10.1590/s0034-89102004000700003. Epub 2004 Dec 13.
To examine whether any impairments in health and social lives can be found under different kinds of flexible working hours, and whether such effects are related to specific characteristics of these working hours.
Two studies -- a company based survey (N=660) and an internet survey (N=528) -- have been conducted. The first one was a questionnaire study (paper and pencil) on employees working under some 'typical' kinds of different flexible working time arrangements in different companies and different occupational fields (health care, manufacturing, retail, administration, call centres). The second study was an internet-based survey, using an adaptation of the questionnaire from the first study.
The results of both studies consistently show that high variability of working hours is associated with increased impairments in health and well-being and this is especially true if this variability is company controlled. These effects are less pronounced if variability is self-controlled; however, autonomy does not compensate the effects of variability.
Recommendations for an appropriate design of flexible working hours should be developed in order to minimize any impairing effects on health and psychosocial well-being; these recommendations should include -- besides allowing for discretion in controlling one's (flexible) working hours -- that variability in flexible working hours should be kept low (or at least moderate), even if this variability is self-controlled.
研究在不同类型的灵活工作时间安排下，是否能发现健康和社会生活方面的任何损害，以及这些影响是否与这些工作时间的特定特征相关。
进行了两项研究——一项基于公司的调查（N = 660）和一项网络调查（N = 528）。第一项是问卷调查（纸笔形式），对象是在不同公司和不同职业领域（医疗保健、制造业、零售业、行政管理、客服中心）采用一些“典型”不同灵活工作时间安排的员工。第二项研究是基于网络的调查，使用的是对第一项研究问卷的改编版。
两项研究结果一致表明，工作时间的高度变异性与健康和幸福感受损增加有关，而且如果这种变异性是由公司控制的，情况尤其如此。如果变异性是自我控制的，这些影响则不那么明显；然而，自主性并不能抵消变异性的影响。
应该制定关于灵活工作时间适当设计的建议，以尽量减少对健康和心理社会幸福感的任何损害影响；这些建议除了应允许员工自行决定控制其（灵活的）工作时间外，还应包括即使灵活工作时间的变异性是自我控制的，也应将其保持在低水平（或至少适度）。
