Good Michael F
The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia.
Trends Parasitol. 2005 Jan;21(1):29-34. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2004.10.006.
History shows that vaccines are most easily developed for those organisms that induce natural immunity after a single infection. For malaria, partial antiparasite immunity develops only after several years of endemic exposure. Evidence suggests that this inefficient induction of immunity is partly a result of antigenic polymorphism, poor immunogenicity of individual antigens, the ability of the parasite to interfere with the development of immune responses and to cause apoptosis of effector and memory T and B cells, and the interaction of maternal and neonatal immunity. Vaccine strategies that are likely to be ultimately successful are those that combine many antigens to induce a maximal response to protective determinants that might not be normally recognized following normal infection of naive individuals. Whole organismal approaches and the use of ultra-low doses of antigens have shown success in human and animal studies by inducing enhanced immune responses to multiple antigens. These, and related hypervalent subunit approaches, could lead to a viable vaccine.
历史表明，对于那些单次感染后能诱导自然免疫的生物体，疫苗最容易研发。对于疟疾，部分抗寄生虫免疫只有在数年的地方性暴露后才会产生。有证据表明，这种低效的免疫诱导部分是由于抗原多态性、单个抗原的免疫原性差、寄生虫干扰免疫反应发展并导致效应和记忆T细胞及B细胞凋亡的能力，以及母体和新生儿免疫的相互作用。最终可能成功的疫苗策略是那些结合多种抗原以诱导对保护性决定簇产生最大反应的策略，这些决定簇在未感染个体正常感染后可能无法被正常识别。全生物体方法和使用超低剂量抗原在人和动物研究中已显示出成功，通过诱导对多种抗原的增强免疫反应。这些以及相关的高价亚单位方法可能会产生一种可行的疫苗。
