Kolmogorov S V, Duplishcheva O A
Faculty of Physical Education, Archangel Teachers' Training Institute, U.S.S.R.
J Biomech. 1992 Mar;25(3):311-8. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(92)90028-y.
By comparing the time of the same distance swum with and without an added resistance, under the assumption of an equal power output in both cases, the drag of 73 top swimmers was estimated. The active drag Fr(a.d.) at maximal swimming velocities varied considerably across strokes and individuals. In the females Fr(a.d.) ranged from 69.78 to 31.16 N in the front-crawl, from 83.04 to 37.78 N in dolphin, from 93.56 to 45.19 N in breaststroke, and from 65.51 to 37.79 N in back-stroke. In the males Fr(a.d.) ranged from 167.11 to 42.23 N in front-crawl, from 156.09 to 46.95 N in dolphin, from 176.87 to 55.61 N in breaststroke, and from 146.28 to 46.36 N in back-stroke. Also, the ratio of Fr(a.d.) to the passive drag Fr(a.d.) as determined for the analogical velocity in a tugging condition (in standard body position-front gliding) shows considerable individual variations. In the female swimmers variations in Fr(a.d.)/Fr(p.d.) ranged from 145.17 to 59.94% in front-crawl, from 192.39 to 85.57% in dolphin, from 298.03 to 124.50% in breaststroke, and from 162.87 to 85.61% in back-stroke. In the male swimmers variations in Fr(a.d.)/Fr(p.d.) ranged from 162.24 to 62.39% in front-crawl, from 191.70 to 70.38% in dolphin, from 295.57 to 102.83% in breaststroke, and from 198.82 to 74.48% in back-stroke. The main reason for such variations is found in the individual features of swimming technique and can be quantitatively estimated with the hydrodynamic force coefficient, which thus provides an adequate index of technique.
在两种情况下功率输出相等的假设下，通过比较有无附加阻力时游相同距离的时间，估算了73名顶尖游泳运动员的阻力。最大游泳速度下的主动阻力Fr(a.d.)在不同泳姿和个体间差异很大。在女性中，自由泳的Fr(a.d.)范围为69.78至31.16牛，蝶泳为83.04至37.78牛，蛙泳为93.56至45.19牛，仰泳为65.51至37.79牛。在男性中，自由泳的Fr(a.d.)范围为167.11至42.23牛，蝶泳为156.09至46.95牛，蛙泳为176.87至55.61牛，仰泳为146.28至46.36牛。此外，在拖曳状态（标准身体姿势 - 前滑行）下针对类比速度确定的Fr(a.d.)与被动阻力Fr(p.d.)的比值也显示出相当大的个体差异。在女性游泳运动员中，自由泳的Fr(a.d.)/Fr(p.d.)变化范围为145.17至59.94%，蝶泳为192.39至85.57%，蛙泳为298.03至124.50%，仰泳为162.87至85.61%。在男性游泳运动员中，自由泳的Fr(a.d.)/Fr(p.d.)变化范围为162.24至62.39%，蝶泳为191.70至70.38%，蛙泳为295.57至102.83%，仰泳为198.82至74.48%。这种差异的主要原因在于游泳技术的个体特征，并且可以用水动力系数进行定量估算，因此水动力系数提供了一个合适的技术指标。
