对石油 tanker 司机接触苯和总烃进行基于工作和任务的同步暴露评估。（注：“tanker”常见释义为“油轮、油罐车”等，这里结合语境翻译为“油罐车”更合适，但不确定原文是否有误，正常表述应为“petroleum tanker truck drivers”即“油罐车司机” ） - Suppr

Verma Dave K, Cheng Wai K, Shaw Don S, Shaw M Lorraine, Verma Paul, Julian Jim A, Dumschat Reinhard E, Mulligan Sharon J P

Program in Occupational Health and Environmental Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

J Occup Environ Hyg. 2004 Nov;1(11):725-37. doi: 10.1080/15459620490520756.

A simultaneous job- and task-based exposure study was conducted for tanker drivers delivering petroleum products from several bulk terminals and an agency to retail outlets. Full-shift (job-based) samples and job component tasks samples were collected simultaneously. The tasks sampled included loading, unloading, and travel. Three hundred sixty-six personal charcoal tube samples were collected. Full-shift visual observations of work practices and real-time monitoring using a data logging hydrocarbon analyzer were also conducted. Multiple measurements per worker were made, which permitted an assessment of sampling variability within and between workers. The highest exposures for drivers occurred during unloading at the agency. The mean benzene exposure for agency drivers was 0.88 ppm for full-shift time-weighted average, 2.86 ppm for unloading, and 0.54 ppm for loading. For bulk terminal drivers, the mean benzene level without vapor control was 0.12 ppm for time weighted average, 0.24 ppm for unloading, and 0.33 ppm for loading. The time-weighted average exposure of the agency and bulk terminal drivers based on the data collected and the lognormal model can be expected to exceed threshold limit value-time weighted average of 0.5 ppm for benzene about 70 and 2% of the time, respectively. Agency drivers' unloading and loading tasks accounted for approximately 30% and 7% of the total time, and 95% and 4% of total exposure, respectively. For the bulk terminal drivers, mean unloading and loading tasks constituted 24% and 12% of the total time, and 68% and 19% of the total exposure, respectively. Travel activity accounted for an average of 63% of the total time for agency and 64% for bulk terminal drivers, but only contributed < 1 and 13% of the total exposure, respectively. The actual job-based time-weighted average concentration and the calculated time-weighted average derived from the time-weighted summation of the components tasks are in very good agreement. Within-worker variability was generally higher than between-worker variability. Exposure control strategies are required primarily for unloading at the agencies. Vapor control technology at the terminal effectively reduces exposure (by almost 50%) and fugitive emissions.

针对从多个散装码头和一家代理商向零售网点运送石油产品的油罐车司机，开展了一项基于工作和任务的同步暴露研究。同时采集了整班次（基于工作）样本和工作组成任务样本。所采样的任务包括装卸和运输。共采集了366个个人活性炭管样本。还对工作实践进行了整班次目视观察，并使用数据记录式碳氢化合物分析仪进行了实时监测。对每名工人进行了多次测量，从而能够评估工人内部和工人之间的采样变异性。司机接触水平最高的情况发生在代理商处的卸货过程中。代理商司机整班次时间加权平均的苯接触水平为0.88 ppm，卸货时为2.86 ppm，装货时为0.54 ppm。对于散装码头司机，无蒸气控制时苯的时间加权平均水平，装卸时分别为0.12 ppm、0.24 ppm和0.33 ppm。根据所收集的数据和对数正态模型，预计代理商和散装码头司机的时间加权平均接触水平分别约有70%和2%的时间会超过苯的阈限值——时间加权平均0.5 ppm。代理商司机的卸货和装货任务分别占总时间的约30%和7%，以及总接触量的95%和4%。对于散装码头司机，平均卸货和装货任务分别占总时间的24%和12%，以及总接触量的68%和19%。出行活动在代理商司机和散装码头司机的总时间中平均分别占63%和64%，但分别仅占总接触量的不到1%和13%。实际基于工作的时间加权平均浓度与通过各组成任务的时间加权总和计算得出的时间加权平均结果非常吻合。工人内部的变异性通常高于工人之间的变异性。主要需要针对代理商处的卸货制定接触控制策略。码头的蒸气控制技术可有效降低接触水平（几乎降低50%）和无组织排放。