Wollenberger Leah, Dinan Laurence, Breitholtz Magnus
Environment & Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005 Feb;24(2):400-7. doi: 10.1897/03-629.1.
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were investigated for toxic effects both in vivo and in vitro in two invertebrate bioassays. Subchronic effects of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tribromophenol (TBP), and four polybrominated diphenyl ethers ([PBDEs]; BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-100) on larval development of the marine copepod Acartia tonsa were studied. For TBBPA and TBP 5-d effective median concentration (EC50) values for inhibition of the larval development rate were 125 and 810 microg/L, respectively, whereas the PBDEs were much more potent with 5-d EC50 in the low microg/L range (1.2 microg/L for BDE-100; 4.2 microg/L for BDE-99; 13 microg/L for BDE-28; and 13 microg/L for BDE-47). These concentrations were up to two orders of magnitude below the 48-h LC50 for acute adult toxicity (108 microg/L for BDE-28; 400 microg/L for TBBPA; 520 microg/L for BDE-100; 705 microg/L for BDE-99; 1,500 microg/L for TBP; and 2,370 microg/L for BDE-47). To distinguish between general toxicological and endocrine-mediated toxic effects, the BFRs were assessed in vitro for ecdysteroid agonistic/antagonistic activity with the ecdysteroid-responsive Drosophila melanogaster B(II)-cell line. The pentabrominated diphenyl ethers BDE-99 and BDE-100 showed weak ecdysteroid antagonistic activity. Thus, these PBDEs may be regarded as potential endocrine disrupters in invertebrates. The combination of in vitro assays and subchronic biotests with ecologically important crustacean species is a rapid and cost-effective tool when screening for sublethal effects of BFRs and other chemicals.
在两项无脊椎动物生物测定中，对溴化阻燃剂（BFRs）的体内和体外毒性作用进行了研究。研究了四溴双酚A（TBBPA）、三溴苯酚（TBP）以及四种多溴二苯醚（[PBDEs]；BDE - 28、BDE - 47、BDE - 99和BDE - 100）对海洋桡足类动物中华哲水蚤幼体发育的亚慢性影响。对于TBBPA和TBP，抑制幼体发育率的5天有效中浓度（EC50）值分别为125和810微克/升，而多溴二苯醚的效力更强，5天EC50在低微克/升范围内（BDE - 100为1.2微克/升；BDE - 99为4.2微克/升；BDE - 28为13微克/升；BDE - 47为13微克/升）。这些浓度比急性成年毒性的48小时半数致死浓度（LC50）低达两个数量级（BDE - 28为108微克/升；TBBPA为400微克/升；BDE - 100为520微克/升；BDE - 99为705微克/升；TBP为1500微克/升；BDE - 47为2370微克/升）。为了区分一般毒理学效应和内分泌介导的毒性效应，利用对蜕皮类固醇有反应的果蝇B（II）细胞系，在体外评估了溴化阻燃剂的蜕皮类固醇激动/拮抗活性。五溴二苯醚BDE - 99和BDE - 100表现出较弱的蜕皮类固醇拮抗活性。因此，这些多溴二苯醚可被视为无脊椎动物中潜在的内分泌干扰物。当筛选溴化阻燃剂和其他化学品的亚致死效应时，体外试验与对具有生态重要性的甲壳类物种进行的亚慢性生物测试相结合，是一种快速且经济高效的工具。
