Crespi R Stephen
Sci Eng Ethics. 2005 Jan;11(1):117-36. doi: 10.1007/s11948-005-0064-6.
Over the last two decades, the ethical implications of patents for biological materials and processes have been the subject of spirited public debate between the many individuals and groups on which the patent system impacts. Whereas copyright, trade marks, and other species of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are widely acceptable, the patent system evokes criticism from many quarters, especially in relation to the legal protection of inventions in the Life Sciences. Some of these criticisms expressed by prestigious public organisations are addressed here from the patent professional standpoint.
在过去二十年里，生物材料和生物过程专利的伦理影响一直是专利制度所涉及的众多个人和团体之间激烈公开辩论的主题。虽然版权、商标和其他种类的知识产权广受认可，但专利制度却招致了许多方面的批评，尤其是在生命科学发明的法律保护方面。一些著名公共组织所表达的这些批评，在此从专利专业人员的角度进行探讨。
