Crespi R S
Sci Eng Ethics. 2000 Apr;6(2):157-80. doi: 10.1007/s11948-000-0045-8.
Following the 1980 US Supreme Court decision to allow a patent on a living organism, debate has continued on the moral issues involved in biotechnology patents of many kinds and remains a contentious issue for those opposed to the use of biotechnology in industry and agriculture. Attitudes to patenting in the life sciences, including those of the research scientists themselves, are analysed. The relevance of morality to patent law is discussed here in an international context with particular reference to the law of the European Patent Convention administered by the European Patent Office (EPO). The EPO has been the principal forum for opposition to such patents and the few cases under dispute in the EPO are reviewed, including patents for the onco-mouse, human relaxin gene, and the PGS herbicidally resistant plant (gmo). Morality provisions in the European Parliament and Council Directive 98/44/EC are also summarised.
1980年美国最高法院做出允许对活体生物授予专利的裁决后，关于各类生物技术专利所涉及的道德问题的争论仍在继续，对于那些反对在工农业中使用生物技术的人来说，这仍然是一个有争议的问题。本文分析了包括研究科学家自身在内的人们对生命科学专利的态度。本文在国际背景下讨论了道德与专利法的相关性，特别提及了由欧洲专利局（EPO）管理的《欧洲专利公约》的法律。欧洲专利局一直是反对这类专利的主要论坛，本文对欧洲专利局中少数有争议的案例进行了回顾，包括抗癌小鼠专利、人类松弛素基因专利以及PGS抗除草剂植物（转基因生物）专利。本文还总结了欧洲议会和理事会第98/44/EC号指令中的道德条款。
