Kesa H, Oldewage-Theron W
Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, South Africa.
Public Health. 2005 Apr;119(4):294-300. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2004.08.010.
The main purpose of this study was to determine the anthropometric indications and nutritional intake of pregnant and lactating women in the Vaal Triangle (n = 431).
A validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used in this study. Trained fieldworkers conducted interviews with the help of food models to estimate portion sizes. The anthropometric measurements included weight, height and body mass index (BMI). Blood samples were collected for determining iron status parameters.
The 10 items consumed most frequently by pregnant women were, in descending order: fresh milk; tea; coffee; cold drinks; maize meal; fruit juice; bread; magou (non-alcoholic fermented maize drink); rice and sugar. For lactating women, the results were: fresh milk; tea; coffee; maize meal; cold drinks; magou; bread; yoghurt; rice and sugar. Daily intakes (mean +/- SD) for pregnant women were 8425.71 +/- 2279 kJ, 73.18 +/- 23 g protein, 62.29 +/- 23.7 g fat, 292.45 +/- 72.2 g carbohydrate and 9.74 +/- 3.8 mg iron. For lactating women, the intakes were 8511.94 +/- 2047 kJ, 76.24 +/- 25 g protein, 61.95 +/- 22.3 g fat, 294.37 +/- 64.2 g carbohydrate and 10.50 +/- 4.0 mg iron. The results of this study showed that most of the women (98%) resided in towns and 79.3% were unemployed. The majority of the sample population was overweight or obese (BMI> or = 25).
The diets of the subjects consisted primarily of plant-based foods. Animal foods were scarce except for milk. Most of the items consumed were low in iron.
Iron deficiency is partly induced by plant-based diets containing low levels of poorly bio-available iron. An assessment of dietary intake is required to aid in the development of relevant dietary guidelines for the sample population.
本研究的主要目的是确定瓦尔三角地区431名孕妇和哺乳期妇女的人体测量指标及营养摄入量。
本研究使用了经过验证的定量食物频率问卷。训练有素的现场工作人员借助食物模型进行访谈，以估算食物份量。人体测量指标包括体重、身高和体重指数（BMI）。采集血样以测定铁状态参数。
孕妇最常食用的10种食物，按降序排列为：鲜牛奶；茶；咖啡；冷饮；玉米粉；果汁；面包；马古（非酒精发酵玉米饮料）；米饭和糖。哺乳期妇女的结果为：鲜牛奶；茶；咖啡；玉米粉；冷饮；马古；面包；酸奶；米饭和糖。孕妇的每日摄入量（均值±标准差）为8425.71±2279千焦、蛋白质73.18±23克、脂肪62.29±23.7克、碳水化合物292.45±72.2克和铁9.74±3.8毫克。哺乳期妇女的摄入量为8511.94±2047千焦、蛋白质76.24±25克、脂肪61.95±22.3克、碳水化合物294.37±64.2克和铁10.50±4.0毫克。本研究结果表明，大多数妇女（98%）居住在城镇，79.3%失业。样本人群中的大多数超重或肥胖（BMI≥25）。
研究对象的饮食主要由植物性食物组成。除牛奶外，动物性食物稀缺。所食用的大多数食物铁含量低。
缺铁部分是由生物利用率低的低水平铁的植物性饮食引起的。需要评估饮食摄入量，以帮助制定针对样本人群的相关饮食指南。
