Ayele Wuhib Y, Svastova Petra, Roubal Petr, Bartos Milan, Pavlik Ivo
Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Mar;71(3):1210-4. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.3.1210-1214.2005.
Between November 2002 and April 2003, 244 bottles and cartons of commercially pasteurized cow's milk were obtained at random from retail outlets throughout the Czech Republic. During the same period, samples of raw milk and of milk that was subsequently subjected to a minimum of 71.7 degrees C for 15 s in a local pasteurization unit were also obtained from two dairy herds, designated herds A and B, with low and high levels, respectively, of subclinical Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection, and from one herd, herd C, without infection. Infection in individual cows in each herd was tested by fecal culturing. Milk samples were brought to the Veterinary Research Institute in Brno, Czech Republic, processed, inoculated onto Herrold's egg yolk slants, and incubated for 32 weeks. Colonies were characterized by morphology, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, mycobactin J dependency, and IS900 PCR results. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was cultured from 4 of 244 units (1.6%) of commercially pasteurized retail milk. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was also cultured from 2 of 100 (2%) cartons of locally pasteurized milk derived from infected herds A and B and from 0 of 100 cartons of milk from uninfected herd C. Raw milk from 1 of 10 (10%) fecal culture-positive cows in herd A and from 13 of 66 (19.7%) fecal culture-positive cows in herd B was culture positive for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. These findings confirm that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is present in raw milk from subclinically infected dairy cows. The culture of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the Czech Republic from retail milk that had been pasteurized locally or commercially to the required national and European Union standards is in agreement with similar research on milk destined for consumers in the United Kingdom and the United States and shows that humans are being exposed to this chronic enteric pathogen by this route.
2002年11月至2003年4月期间，从捷克共和国各地的零售点随机获取了244瓶和箱商业巴氏杀菌牛奶。同一时期，还分别从两个奶牛群（分别称为A群和B群）获取了生牛奶样本以及随后在当地巴氏杀菌单元中至少在71.7摄氏度下处理15秒的牛奶样本，A群和B群分别存在低水平和高水平的亚临床副结核分枝杆菌感染，另外还从未感染的C群获取了牛奶样本。通过粪便培养检测每个牛群中个体奶牛的感染情况。将牛奶样本送至捷克布尔诺的兽医研究所，进行处理，接种到赫罗尔德蛋黄斜面上，并培养32周。通过菌落形态、萋-尼氏染色、对分枝杆菌素J的依赖性以及IS900 PCR结果对菌落进行鉴定。从244个商业巴氏杀菌零售牛奶单元中的4个（1.6%）培养出了副结核分枝杆菌。从感染的A群和B群的100箱当地巴氏杀菌牛奶中的2个（2%）也培养出了副结核分枝杆菌，而从未感染的C群的100箱牛奶中未培养出该菌。A群中10头粪便培养呈阳性的奶牛中有1头（10%）的生牛奶培养出副结核分枝杆菌，B群中66头粪便培养呈阳性的奶牛中有13头（19.7%）的生牛奶培养出该菌。这些发现证实了亚临床感染的奶牛的生牛奶中存在副结核分枝杆菌。在捷克共和国，从已按照国家和欧盟要求的标准进行当地或商业巴氏杀菌的零售牛奶中培养出副结核分枝杆菌，这与英国和美国针对面向消费者的牛奶的类似研究结果一致，表明人类正通过这种途径接触这种慢性肠道病原体。
