Webb J, Menzi H, Pain B F, Misselbrook T H, Dämmgen U, Hendriks H, Döhler H
ADAS Research, Woodthorne, Wergs Road, Wolverhampton WV6 8TQ, UK.
Environ Pollut. 2005 Jun;135(3):399-406. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.11.013.
Around 75% of European ammonia (NH(3)) emissions come from livestock production. Emissions occur at all stages of manure management: from buildings housing livestock; during manure storage; following manure application to land; and from urine deposited by livestock on pastures during grazing. Ammoniacal nitrogen (total ammoniacal-nitrogen, TAN) in livestock excreta is the main source of NH(3). At each stage of manure management TAN may be lost, mainly as NH(3), and the remainder passed to the next stage. Hence, measures to reduce NH(3) emissions at the various stages of manure management are interdependent, and the accumulative reduction achieved by combinations of measures is not simply additive. This TAN-flow concept enables rapid and easy estimation of the consequences of NH(3) abatement at one stage of manure management (upstream) on NH(3) emissions at later stages (downstream), and gives unbiased assessment of the most cost-effective measures. We conclude that rapid incorporation of manures into arable land is one of the most cost-effective measures to reduce NH(3) emissions, while covering manure stores and applying slurry by band spreader or injection are more cost-effective than measures to reduce emissions from buildings. These measures are likely to rank highly in most European countries.
欧洲约75%的氨（NH₃）排放来自畜牧生产。在粪便管理的各个阶段都会产生排放：来自饲养牲畜的建筑物；粪便储存期间；粪便施用于土地之后；以及放牧期间牲畜在牧场排泄的尿液。牲畜粪便中的氨氮（总氨氮，TAN）是NH₃的主要来源。在粪便管理的每个阶段，TAN都可能流失，主要以NH₃的形式，其余部分进入下一阶段。因此，在粪便管理的各个阶段减少NH₃排放的措施是相互依存的，通过措施组合实现的累计减排并非简单相加。这种TAN流概念能够快速、轻松地估算粪便管理一个阶段（上游）减少NH₃排放对后期阶段（下游）NH₃排放的影响，并对最具成本效益的措施进行无偏评估。我们得出结论，将粪便迅速混入耕地是减少NH₃排放最具成本效益的措施之一，而覆盖粪便储存设施以及使用带状撒播机或注入方式施用粪肥比减少建筑物排放的措施更具成本效益。这些措施在大多数欧洲国家可能排名靠前。
