Paramasivam S, Jayaraman K, Wilson Takela C, Alva Ashok K, Kelson Luma, Jones Leandra B
Environmental Science Program, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Savannah State University, Savannah, Georgia 31404, USA.
J Environ Sci Health B. 2009 Mar;44(3):317-24. doi: 10.1080/10934520802659620.
Ammonia (NH(3)) emission from livestock manures used in agriculture reduces N uptake by crops and negatively impacts air quality. This laboratory study was conducted to evaluate NH(3)emission from different livestock manures applied to two soils: Candler fins sand (CFS; light-textured soil, pH 6.8 and field capacity soil water content of 70 g kg(-1)) from Lake Alfred, Florida and Ogeechee loamy sand (OLS; medium-textured soil, pH 5.2 and field capacity soil water content of 140 g kg(-1)) from Savannah, Georgia. Poultry litter (PL) collected from a poultry farm near Douglas, Georgia, and fresh solid separate of swine manure (SM) collected from a farm near Clinton, North Carolina were used. Each of the soil was weighed in 100 g sub samples and amended with either PL or SM at rates equivalent to either 0, 2.24, 5.60, 11.20, or 22.40 Mg ha(-1) in 1L Mason jars and incubated in the laboratory at field capacity soil water content for 19 days to monitor NH(3) volatilization. Results indicated a greater NH(3) loss from soils amended with SM compared to that with PL. The cumulative NH(3)volatilization loss over 19 days ranged from 4 to 27% and 14 to 32% of total N applied as PL and SM, respectively. Volatilization of NH(3) was greater from light-textured CFS than that from medium-textured OLS. Volatilization loss increased with increasing rates of manure application. Ammonia volatilization was lower at night time than that during the day time. Differences in major factors such as soil water content, temperature, soil type and live stock manure type influenced the diurnal variation in volatilization loss of NH(3) from soils. A significant portion (> 50%) of cumulative NH(3) emission over 19 d occurred during the first 5-7 d following the application of livestock manures. Results of this study demonstrate that application of low rates of livestock manure (< or = 5.60 Mg ha(-1)) is recommended to minimize NH(3) emissions.
农业中使用的畜禽粪便排放的氨（NH₃）会减少作物对氮的吸收，并对空气质量产生负面影响。本实验室研究旨在评估施用于两种土壤的不同畜禽粪便的NH₃排放情况：一种是来自佛罗里达州阿尔弗雷德湖的坎德勒细砂（CFS；质地较轻的土壤，pH值6.8，田间持水量土壤含水量为70 g/kg），另一种是来自佐治亚州萨凡纳的奥吉奇壤质砂土（OLS；质地中等的土壤，pH值5.2，田间持水量土壤含水量为140 g/kg）。使用了从佐治亚州道格拉斯附近的一个家禽养殖场收集的家禽粪便（PL），以及从北卡罗来纳州克林顿附近的一个农场收集的新鲜猪粪固体分离物（SM）。将每种土壤称取100 g的子样本，在1升梅森罐中分别以相当于0、2.24、5.60、11.20或22.40 Mg/ha⁻¹的速率用PL或SM进行改良，并在实验室中于田间持水量土壤含水量下培养19天，以监测NH₃挥发情况。结果表明，与用PL改良的土壤相比，用SM改良的土壤NH₃损失更大。19天内累积的NH₃挥发损失分别占作为PL和SM施用的总氮量范围为4%至27%和14%至32%。质地较轻的CFS的NH₃挥发量大于质地中等的OLS。挥发损失随着粪便施用量的增加而增加。夜间的氨挥发量低于白天。土壤含水量、温度、土壤类型和畜禽粪便类型等主要因素的差异影响了土壤中NH₃挥发损失的日变化。在施用畜禽粪便后的前5至7天内，发生了19天内累积NH₃排放量的很大一部分（>50%）。本研究结果表明，建议施用低量的畜禽粪便（≤5.60 Mg/ha⁻¹）以尽量减少NH₃排放。
