Hamm Ronda L, Shono Toshio, Scott Jeffrey G
Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2005 Feb;98(1):171-6. doi: 10.1093/jee/98.1.171.
Geographic variation in the chromosomal location of the male sex determining factor (M) was studied in four house fly, Musca domestica L., populations from the eastern United States. We found a strong clinal trend (29 degrees 41' latitude in Florida to 44 degrees 2' in Maine) in which the percentage of standard XY(M) males increased with increasing latitude. In Florida, 100% of the males possessed the M factor on the third autosome (III(M)). North Carolina had 20% III(M) males and 2.35% with both Y(M) and III(M). Fewer III(M) males were found in New York (4.35%). Populations from Maine contained 100% XY(M) males. In two of three standard laboratory-susceptible strains, all males carried M on an autosome ("autosomal males" or A(M)): CS (III(M)) and SRS (V(M)). Insecticide bioassays of four field-collected strains led us to conclude that resistance is not correlated with sex determination over a broad range of insecticides. For example, high levels of resistance to permethrin (86-99% survival at a diagnostic concentration) were found in all four field-collected strains. The five other insecticides evaluated showed varying levels of resistance among field strains. We conclude that a cline is present in house fly populations from the eastern United States with 100% III(M) males in the south and entirely Y(M) males in the north and that insecticide resistance is not a key factor influencing the evolution or linkage of M.
对来自美国东部的四个家蝇种群（家蝇，Musca domestica L.）的雄性性别决定因子（M）的染色体位置的地理变异进行了研究。我们发现了一个强烈的渐变趋势（从佛罗里达州的北纬29度41分到缅因州的北纬44度2分），其中标准XY（M）雄性的百分比随着纬度的增加而增加。在佛罗里达州，100%的雄性在第三条常染色体上拥有M因子（III（M））。北卡罗来纳州有20%的III（M）雄性，2.35%的雄性同时拥有Y（M）和III（M）。在纽约发现的III（M）雄性较少（4.35%）。缅因州的种群中100%是XY（M）雄性。在三个标准的实验室易感品系中的两个中，所有雄性在常染色体上携带M（“常染色体雄性”或A（M））：CS（III（M））和SRS（V（M））。对四个野外采集品系的杀虫剂生物测定使我们得出结论，在广泛的杀虫剂范围内，抗性与性别决定无关。例如，在所有四个野外采集品系中都发现了对氯菊酯的高抗性水平（在诊断浓度下86 - 99%存活）。评估的其他五种杀虫剂在野外品系中表现出不同程度的抗性。我们得出结论，在美国东部的家蝇种群中存在一个渐变群，南部100%是III（M）雄性，北部完全是Y（M）雄性，并且杀虫剂抗性不是影响M的进化或连锁的关键因素。
