Elward K, Larson E B
Department of Family Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
Clin Geriatr Med. 1992 Feb;8(1):35-50.
Currently available data are of variable rigor and from a variety of sources, yet they do support several conclusions about the potential value of exercise for whole groups of elderly persons. (1) Exercise of moderate intensity may benefit many elderly persons in numerous and complementary ways (e.g., cardiovascular status, fracture risk, functional ability, and mental processing). (2) There are few complications associated with such increases in activity. Indeed, a remarkable aspect of research on exercise in the elderly has been the virtual absence of reports of serious cardiovascular or musculoskeletal complications in any published trials. Cardiac rehabilitation programs, enrolling many persons over 65 years of age with known coronary artery disease, also report few major cardiovascular complications. Thus, exercise should be viewed as safe for most older adults. (3) Exercise in the elderly probably needs to be tailored, and when possible, individualized, with the specific objectives of the person or group in mind. Some benefits are probably related to the intensity of exercise (e.g., cardiovascular disease), others due to the type of exercise (weight-bearing versus nonweight-bearing for osteoporosis, or racket sports for hand-eye coordination), and still others possibly relate to the setting in which exercise occurs (social-psychological benefits). (4) The authors believe the known physiologic effects of exercise on age-related changes and existing clinical research support the general notion that vigorous weight-bearing exercises such as walking are the safest, cheapest, easiest, and most widely beneficial for the average senior. (5) Research has yet to define good ways by which to stimulate large numbers of sedentary elderly persons to exercise regularly. The potential and complementary benefits appear to be great enough to justify widespread efforts at the community and individual level, however.
目前可得的数据严谨程度不一，来源也多种多样，但它们确实支持了关于运动对老年人群体潜在价值的几个结论。（1）中等强度的运动可能会以多种互补的方式使许多老年人受益（例如，心血管状况、骨折风险、功能能力和心理加工）。（2）这种活动增加几乎没有并发症。事实上，老年运动研究的一个显著方面是，在任何已发表的试验中几乎都没有严重心血管或肌肉骨骼并发症的报告。纳入许多65岁以上已知患有冠状动脉疾病患者的心脏康复项目，也报告很少有重大心血管并发症。因此，对于大多数老年人来说，运动应该被视为安全的。（3）老年人的运动可能需要量身定制，并且在可能的情况下，要因人而异，同时要考虑到个人或群体的具体目标。有些益处可能与运动强度有关（例如，心血管疾病），有些与运动类型有关（骨质疏松症的负重运动与非负重运动，或手眼协调的球拍运动），还有一些可能与运动发生的环境有关（社会心理益处）。（4）作者认为，运动对与年龄相关变化的已知生理影响以及现有的临床研究支持这样一个普遍观点，即像散步这样的剧烈负重运动对普通老年人来说是最安全、最便宜、最容易且益处最广泛的。（5）研究尚未确定刺激大量久坐不动的老年人定期运动的好方法。然而，潜在的互补益处似乎足够大，足以证明在社区和个人层面进行广泛努力是合理的。
