Strumylaite Loreta, Kregzdyte Rima, Vaitkaitiene Egle
Institute for Biomedical Research, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu 4, 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2005;41(4):348-54.
Passive smoking has been shown to be a risk factor for respiratory diseases in children. Some authors reported reduced lung function of children exposed to passive smoking. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of exposure to passive smoking and its relation to respiratory health of Kaunas children. In 1998-2000 a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 20 kindergartens of Kaunas. Survey participants were 594 children (356 boys and 238 girls) aged 6-7 years. Children's parents filled out a questionnaire of the Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptoms with Respect to Air Pollution designed on the basis of International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood. Exposure to passive smoking was determined by an answer "everyday" or "sometimes" to the question "How often is your child in surrounding where someone smokes?". The parameters of respiratory function (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FEF25, FEF50, FEF75, PEF) were measured with Pony Graphics 3.5. Response rate was 58.6% to 69.2% depending on a kindergarten. More than two fifth of children were exposed to passive smoking at home. Cough that lasted for at least four weeks during the past year was experienced by 24.5% and 16.9% of children with and without exposure to passive smoking (p<0.05). Wheezing in the past was found in 43% and 27% of children in groups compared (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in prevalence of sneezing or a runny/blocked nose when a child did not have a cold among children with and without exposure to passive smoking (46.6% and 36.6%, respectively, p<0.05). FEF25, FEF50, FEF75 and PEF of exposed girls were significantly lower than that of girls not exposed to passive smoking. Multiple regression analysis that included variables such as passive smoking, family history of allergy, smoked mother during pregnancy, gas stove and pets in child's room showed that FEF25 and FEF50 in girls were related to passive smoking. Our data show that more than two fifth of children are exposed to passive smoking which is associated with increased prevalence of chronic cough, wheezing, running nose and sneezing without cold. Passive smoking is also related to decreased lung function, especially for small airway flows.
被动吸烟已被证明是儿童呼吸系统疾病的一个风险因素。一些作者报告称，接触被动吸烟的儿童肺功能会下降。本研究的目的是评估考纳斯儿童接触被动吸烟的情况及其与呼吸健康的关系。1998年至2000年，在考纳斯的20所幼儿园进行了一项横断面调查。调查参与者为594名6至7岁的儿童（356名男孩和238名女孩）。儿童的父母填写了一份基于儿童哮喘和过敏国际研究设计的瑞士儿童过敏与呼吸症状空气污染研究问卷。通过对“您的孩子多久处于有人吸烟的环境中？”这个问题回答“每天”或“有时”来确定是否接触被动吸烟。使用Pony Graphics 3.5测量呼吸功能参数（用力肺活量、第一秒用力呼气量、第一秒用力呼气量/用力肺活量、25%用力呼气流量、50%用力呼气流量、75%用力呼气流量、呼气峰值流量）。根据幼儿园不同，应答率在58.6%至69.2%之间。超过五分之二的儿童在家中接触被动吸烟。在过去一年中，有24.5%接触被动吸烟的儿童和16.9%未接触被动吸烟的儿童出现持续至少四周的咳嗽（p<0.05）。相比之下，过去有喘息症状的儿童在两组中的比例分别为43%和27%（p<0.05）。在没有感冒的情况下，接触被动吸烟和未接触被动吸烟的儿童中，打喷嚏或流鼻涕/鼻塞患病率存在显著差异（分别为46.6%和36.6%，p<=0.05）。接触被动吸烟的女孩的25%用力呼气流量、50%用力呼气流量、75%用力呼气流量和呼气峰值流量显著低于未接触被动吸烟的女孩。多元回归分析纳入了被动吸烟、过敏家族史、母亲孕期吸烟、燃气灶具和儿童房间内宠物等变量，结果显示女孩的25%用力呼气流量和50%用力呼气流量与被动吸烟有关。我们的数据表明，超过五分之二的儿童接触被动吸烟，这与慢性咳嗽、喘息、流鼻涕和无感冒时打喷嚏的患病率增加有关。被动吸烟还与肺功能下降有关，尤其是小气道气流。
