Newlin D B
Addiction Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-2735.
Recent Dev Alcohol. 1992;10:147-64. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1648-8_8.
Craving is a potentially important concept that is difficult to define and study in the laboratory. Although alcohol and cocaine are very different pharmacologically, this discussion emphasizes common factors in addiction to these drugs, such as the tendency of alcoholics and cocaine abusers to crave these substances. I review commonalities in drug conditioning and cue reactivity to alcohol and cocaine. Both drugs support Pavlovian conditioning when they are presented as unconditioned stimuli, whether studied in rodents or humans. In addition, both drugs are craved when abusers are presented with stimuli associated with these drugs. Finally, I propose a theoretical definition of craving based on autoshaping and sign-tracking phenomena that suggests a common mechanism of addiction to these drugs. This model defines craving as a reflection of sign tracking to internal and external stimuli that have in the past reliably predicted presentation of these drugs.
渴望是一个潜在的重要概念，在实验室中很难定义和研究。尽管酒精和可卡因在药理学上有很大差异，但本讨论强调了对这些药物成瘾的共同因素，例如酗酒者和可卡因滥用者对这些物质的渴望倾向。我回顾了药物条件作用以及对酒精和可卡因的线索反应性方面的共性。当这两种药物作为无条件刺激呈现时，无论在啮齿动物还是人类中进行研究，它们都支持巴甫洛夫条件作用。此外，当滥用者接触到与这些药物相关的刺激时，这两种药物都会引发渴望。最后，我基于自动成形和符号追踪现象提出了一个渴望的理论定义，该定义表明了对这些药物成瘾的共同机制。这个模型将渴望定义为对过去可靠预测这些药物出现的内部和外部刺激的符号追踪的反映。
