Keller Gordon
Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
Genes Dev. 2005 May 15;19(10):1129-55. doi: 10.1101/gad.1303605.
The discovery of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells >20 years ago represented a major advance in biology and experimental medicine, as it enabled the routine manipulation of the mouse genome. Along with the capacity to induce genetic modifications, ES cells provided the basis for establishing an in vitro model of early mammalian development and represented a putative new source of differentiated cell types for cell replacement therapy. While ES cells have been used extensively for creating mouse mutants for more than a decade, their application as a model for developmental biology has been limited and their use in cell replacement therapy remains a goal for many in the field. Recent advances in our understanding of ES cell differentiation, detailed in this review, have provided new insights essential for establishing ES cell-based developmental models and for the generation of clinically relevant populations for cell therapy.
20多年前小鼠胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）的发现是生物学和实验医学领域的一项重大进展，因为它使对小鼠基因组的常规操作成为可能。除了具备诱导基因修饰的能力外，ES细胞还为建立早期哺乳动物发育的体外模型提供了基础，并且是细胞替代疗法中分化细胞类型的一个潜在新来源。尽管ES细胞已被广泛用于创建小鼠突变体超过十年，但它们作为发育生物学模型的应用一直有限，在细胞替代疗法中的应用仍然是该领域许多人的目标。本综述详细介绍了我们对ES细胞分化理解的最新进展，这些进展为建立基于ES细胞的发育模型以及为细胞治疗生成临床相关细胞群体提供了至关重要的新见解。
