Hypoxia-dependent activation of HIF into a transcriptional regulator.

Adaptation to conditions of limited oxygen availability (hypoxia) is a critical determinant of cell and tissue viability in several physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is an oxygen-sensitive transcriptional activator that, under hypoxia, upregulates the expression of genes involved in the control of glucose metabolism, angiogenesis and cellular proliferation, among others. Activation of HIF to a fully competent transcriptional regulatory protein complex is a multi-step process that involves control of protein stability, subcellular localization, DNA-binding and interaction with transcriptional coregulators. The identity, regulation and hierarchy of interactions between several components of the HIF signal transduction pathway has been the object of intense study over the past decade and will be the subject of this review. Particular emphasis is given to the process of coordinated coactivator recruitment within the cell nucleus. The implications for future development of angiogenic/antiangiogenic therapeutic strategies of HIF activation/inactivation are discussed.