Bruhova Iva, Zhorov Boris S
Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Biophys J. 2005 Aug;89(2):1020-9. doi: 10.1529/biophysj.105.062240. Epub 2005 May 20.
Potassium channels play fundamental roles in excitable cells. X-ray structures of bacterial potassium channels show that the pore-lining inner helices obstruct the cytoplasmic entrance to the closed channel KcsA, but diverge in widely open channels MthK and KvAP, suggesting a gating-hinge role for a conserved Gly in the inner helix. A different location of the gating hinge and a narrower open pore were proposed for voltage-gated Shaker potassium channels that have the Pro-473-Val-Pro motif. Two major observations back the proposal: cadmium ions lock mutant Val-476-Cys in the open state by bridging Cys-476 and His-486 in adjacent helices, and cadmium blocks the locked-open double mutant Val-474-Cys/Val-476-Cys by binding to Cys-474 residues. Here we used molecular modeling to show that the open Shaker should be as wide as KvAP to accommodate an open-channel blocker, correolide. We further built KvAP-, MthK-, and KcsA-based models of the Shaker mutants and Monte-Carlo-minimized them with constraints Cys-476-Cd(2+)-His-486. The latter were consistent with the KvAP-based model, causing a small-bend N-terminal to the Pro-473-Val-Pro motif. The constraints significantly distorted the MthK-based structure, making it similar to KvAP. The KcsA structure resisted the constraints. Two Cd(2+) ions easily block the locked-open KvAP-based model at Cys-474 residues, whereas constraining a single cadmium ion to four Cys-474 caused large conformational changes and electrostatic imbalance. Although mutual disposition of the voltage-sensor and pore domains in the KvAP x-ray structure is currently disputed, our results suggest that the pore-region domain retains a nativelike conformation in the crystal.
钾通道在可兴奋细胞中发挥着基本作用。细菌钾通道的X射线结构表明,构成孔道内壁的内部螺旋阻碍了关闭状态的通道KcsA的胞质入口,但在广泛开放的通道MthK和KvAP中这些螺旋发散开来,这表明内部螺旋中保守的甘氨酸起到门控铰链的作用。对于具有Pro-473-Val-Pro基序的电压门控Shaker钾通道,有人提出了门控铰链的不同位置以及更窄的开放孔道。有两个主要观察结果支持这一观点:镉离子通过桥接相邻螺旋中的Cys-476和His-486,将突变体Val-476-Cys锁定在开放状态,并且镉通过与Cys-474残基结合来阻断锁定开放的双突变体Val-474-Cys/Val-476-Cys。在此,我们使用分子建模表明,开放的Shaker通道应与KvAP一样宽,以容纳一种开放通道阻断剂——correolide。我们进一步构建了基于KvAP、MthK和KcsA的Shaker突变体模型,并使用Cys-476-Cd(2+)-His-486约束对其进行蒙特卡罗最小化处理。后者与基于KvAP的模型一致,导致Pro-473-Val-Pro基序的N端出现小弯曲。这些约束显著扭曲了基于MthK的结构,使其类似于KvAP。KcsA结构则抵抗这些约束。两个Cd(2+)离子很容易在Cys-474残基处阻断基于KvAP的锁定开放模型,而将单个镉离子约束到四个Cys-474会导致较大的构象变化和静电失衡。尽管目前KvAP的X射线结构中电压传感器和孔道结构域的相互位置存在争议,但我们的结果表明,孔道区域结构域在晶体中保留了类似天然的构象。