Labuda M, Nuttall P A
Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia.
Parasitology. 2004;129 Suppl:S221-45. doi: 10.1017/s0031182004005220.
At least 38 viral species are transmitted by ticks. Virus-tick-vertebrate host relationships are highly specific and less than 10% of all tick species (Argasidae and Ixodidae) are known to play a role as vectors of arboviruses. However, a few tick species transmit several (e.g. Ixodes ricinus, Amblyomma variegatum) or many (I. uriae) tick-borne viruses. Tick-borne viruses are found in six different virus families (Asfarviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae) and at least 9 genera. Some as yet unassigned tick-borne viruses may belong to a seventh family, the Arenaviridae. With only one exception (African swine fever virus, family Asfarviridae) all tick-borne viruses (as well as all other arboviruses) are RNA viruses. Tick-borne viruses are found in all the RNA virus families in which insect-borne members are found, with the exception of the family Togaviridae. Some tick-borne viruses pose a significant threat to the health of humans (Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus) or livestock (African swine fever virus, Nairobi sheep disease virus). Key challenges are to determine the molecular adaptations that allow tick-borne viruses to infect and replicate in both tick and vertebrate cells, and to identify the principal ecological determinants of tick-borne virus survival.
至少38种病毒可通过蜱传播。病毒 - 蜱 - 脊椎动物宿主之间的关系具有高度特异性，已知在所有蜱类物种（软蜱科和硬蜱科）中，只有不到10%的蜱类物种充当虫媒病毒的传播媒介。然而，有几种蜱类物种可传播多种（如蓖麻硬蜱、变异革蜱）或许多（海鸟硬蜱）蜱传病毒。蜱传病毒分属于六个不同的病毒科（非洲猪瘟病毒科、呼肠孤病毒科、弹状病毒科、正粘病毒科、布尼亚病毒科、黄病毒科），至少9个属。一些尚未归类的蜱传病毒可能属于第七个科——沙粒病毒科。除了一个例外（非洲猪瘟病毒，非洲猪瘟病毒科），所有蜱传病毒（以及所有其他虫媒病毒）都是RNA病毒。蜱传病毒存在于所有发现有昆虫传播成员的RNA病毒科中，但不包括披膜病毒科。一些蜱传病毒对人类健康（蜱传脑炎病毒、克里米亚 - 刚果出血热病毒）或家畜健康（非洲猪瘟病毒、内罗毕羊病病毒）构成重大威胁。关键挑战在于确定使蜱传病毒能够在蜱和脊椎动物细胞中感染和复制的分子适应性，并确定蜱传病毒生存的主要生态决定因素。
