Ruchirawat Mathuros, Navasumrit Panida, Settachan Daam, Tuntaviroon Jantamas, Buthbumrung Nantaporn, Sharma Suman
Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 Aug 7;206(2):207-14. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.11.025.
The effects of air pollution on human health are a great concern, particularly in big cities with severe traffic problems such as Bangkok, Thailand. In this study, exposure to genotoxic compounds in ambient air was studied by analysis of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene through direct measurement of concentrations in air as well as through the use of different biomarkers of exposure: urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) for PAHs and urinary t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA) for benzene. The study was conducted in various susceptible groups of the population with different occupations in 5 traffic-congested areas of Bangkok, as well as in primary school children. The level of total PAHs on the main roads at various sites ranged from 7.10 to 83.04 ng/m(3), while benzene levels ranged from 16.35 to 49.25 ppb. In contrast, ambient levels in nearby temples, the control sites, ranged from 1.67 to 3.04 ng/m(3) total PAHs and 10.16 to 16.25 ppb benzene. Street vendors selling clothes were exposed to 16.07 +/- 1.64 ng/m(3) total PAHs and 21.97 +/- 1.50 ppb benzene, levels higher than in monks and nuns residing in nearby temples (5.34 +/- 0.65 ng/m(3) total PAHs and 13.69 +/- 0.77 ppb benzene). Grilled-meat vendors in the same area were exposed to both total PAHs and benzene at even higher levels, possibly due to additional formation of PAHs during the grilling of meat (34.27 +/- 7.02 ng/m(3) total PAHs; 27.49 +/- 2.72 ppb benzene). At the end of the workday, urinary 1-OHP levels in street vendors (0.12 and 0.15 micromol/mol creatinine in clothes and grilled-meat vendors, respectively) were significantly higher than in controls (0.04 micromol/mol creatinine; P < 0.01). Afternoon urinary t,t-MA levels in both groups of street vendors (0.12 mg/g creatinine) were also significantly higher than in controls (0.08 mg/g creatinine; P < 0.05). School children from two schools in Bangkok were exposed to total PAHs and benzene at levels of 6.70 +/- 0.47 ng/m(3) and 4.71 +/- 0.25 ppb, respectively, higher than those to which children living outside the city were exposed (1.25 +/- 0.24 ng/m(3) total PAHs; 2.10 +/- 0.16 ppb benzene). At the end of the school day, levels of urinary 1-OHP and t,t-MA were significantly higher (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively) in Bangkok school children (0.23 micromol/mol creatinine and 0.27 mg/g creatinine, respectively) than in school children from outside Bangkok (0.10 micromol/mol creatinine and 0.08 mg/g creatinine, respectively).
空气污染对人类健康的影响备受关注，尤其是在像泰国曼谷这样交通问题严重的大城市。在本研究中，通过直接测量空气中的浓度以及使用不同的暴露生物标志物，对环境空气中的遗传毒性化合物进行了研究：尿中1-羟基芘（1-OHP）用于多环芳烃（PAHs），尿中反式，反式-粘糠酸（t,t-MA）用于苯。该研究在曼谷5个交通拥堵地区不同职业的各类易感人群以及小学生中进行。各个地点主要道路上的总PAHs水平在7.10至83.04 ng/m³之间，而苯水平在16.35至49.25 ppb之间。相比之下，附近寺庙（对照地点）的环境水平为总PAHs 1.67至3.04 ng/m³，苯10.16至16.25 ppb。卖衣服的街头小贩暴露于总PAHs 16.07±1.64 ng/m³和苯21.97±1.50 ppb，其水平高于居住在附近寺庙的僧侣和尼姑（总PAHs 5.34±0.65 ng/m³和苯13.69±0.77 ppb）。同一地区的烤肉小贩暴露于总PAHs和苯的水平甚至更高，这可能是由于烤肉过程中PAHs的额外形成（总PAHs 34.27±7.02 ng/m³；苯27.49±2.72 ppb）。工作日结束时，街头小贩（卖衣服和烤肉小贩尿中1-OHP水平分别为0.12和0.15微摩尔/摩尔肌酐）尿中1-OHP水平显著高于对照组（0.04微摩尔/摩尔肌酐；P<0.01）。两组街头小贩下午尿中t,t-MA水平（0.12毫克/克肌酐）也显著高于对照组（0.08毫克/克肌酐；P<0.05）。曼谷两所学校的学童暴露于总PAHs和苯的水平分别为6.70±0.47 ng/m³和4.71±0.25 ppb，高于城市外儿童的暴露水平（总PAHs 1.25±0.24 ng/m³；苯2.10±0.16 ppb）。学校放学时，曼谷学童（尿中1-OHP和t,t-MA水平分别为0.23微摩尔/摩尔肌酐和0.27毫克/克肌酐）尿中1-OHP和t,t-MA水平显著高于曼谷以外的学童（分别为0.10微摩尔/摩尔肌酐和0.08毫克/克肌酐；P<0.001和P<0.01）。
