Babik W, Branicki W, Crnobrnja-Isailović J, Cogălniceanu D, Sas I, Olgun K, Poyarkov N A, Garcia-París M, Arntzen J W
Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
Mol Ecol. 2005 Jul;14(8):2475-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02605.x.
The newts Triturus vulgaris and Triturus montandoni are sister species that exhibit contrasting levels of intraspecific morphological variation. Triturus vulgaris has a broad Eurasiatic distribution encompassing both formerly glaciated and unglaciated areas and shows substantial morphological differentiation in the southern part of its range, while T. montandoni, confined to the Carpathians, is morphologically uniform. We analysed sequence variation of two mtDNA fragments of the total length of c. 1850 bp in 285 individuals of both species collected from 103 localities. Phylogenetic analysis of 200 unique haplotypes defined 12 major clades, their age estimated at c. 4.5-1.0 million years (Myr). Most of the older clades were found in the southern part of the range, and also in central Europe, mainly in Romania. The distribution of mtDNA clades points to the existence of several glacial refugia, located in the Caucasus region, Anatolia, the Balkan Peninsula, Italy, and more to the north in central Europe. The concordance between mtDNA based phylogeny and the distribution of T. vulgaris subspecies was weak. Triturus montandoni haplotypes did not form a monophyletic group. Instead they were found in six clades, in five of them mixed with T. vulgaris haplotypes, most likely as a result of past or ongoing hybridization and multiple introgression of mtDNA from T. vulgaris to T. montandoni. Patterns of sequence variation within clades suggested long-term demographic stability in the southern groups, moderate and relatively old demographic growth in the populations inhabiting central Europe, and high growth in some of the groups that colonized northern parts of Europe after the last glacial maximum.
普通欧螈（Triturus vulgaris）和蒙氏欧螈（Triturus montandoni）是姐妹物种，它们种内形态变异水平形成对比。普通欧螈分布于广阔的欧亚地区，涵盖了以前的冰川覆盖区和非冰川覆盖区，在其分布范围的南部表现出显著的形态分化，而局限于喀尔巴阡山脉的蒙氏欧螈在形态上则较为一致。我们分析了从103个地点采集的两个物种共285个个体中约1850 bp长的两个线粒体DNA片段的序列变异。对200个独特单倍型的系统发育分析确定了12个主要分支，估计其年龄约为450 - 100万年。大多数较古老的分支分布在分布范围的南部以及中欧，主要在罗马尼亚。线粒体DNA分支的分布表明存在几个冰川避难所，位于高加索地区、安纳托利亚、巴尔干半岛、意大利以及更靠北的中欧地区。基于线粒体DNA的系统发育与普通欧螈亚种分布之间的一致性较弱。蒙氏欧螈的单倍型没有形成一个单系类群。相反，它们分布在六个分支中，其中五个分支与普通欧螈的单倍型混合在一起，这很可能是过去或正在进行的杂交以及线粒体DNA从普通欧螈多次渗入到蒙氏欧螈的结果。分支内的序列变异模式表明南部群体长期的种群统计学稳定性、中欧种群适度且相对古老的种群增长以及一些在上次末次盛冰期后殖民欧洲北部的群体的高增长。
