Covington Michael A, He Congzhou, Brown Cati, Naçi Lorina, McClain Jonathan T, Fjordbak Bess Sirmon, Semple James, Brown John
Artificial Intelligence Center, The University of Georgia, 111 Boyd GSRC, Athens, GA 30602-7415, USA.
Schizophr Res. 2005 Sep 1;77(1):85-98. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.016. Epub 2005 Apr 2.
Patients with schizophrenia often display unusual language impairments. This is a wide ranging critical review of the literature on language in schizophrenia since the 19th century. We survey schizophrenic language level by level, from phonetics through phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. There are at least two kinds of impairment (perhaps not fully distinct): thought disorder, or failure to maintain a discourse plan, and schizophasia, comprising various dysphasia-like impairments such as clanging, neologism, and unintelligible utterances. Thought disorder appears to be primarily a disruption of executive function and pragmatics, perhaps with impairment of the syntax-semantics interface; schizophasia involves disruption at other levels. Phonetics is also often abnormal (manifesting as flat intonation or unusual voice quality), but phonological structure, morphology, and syntax are normal or nearly so (some syntactic impairments have been demonstrated). Access to the lexicon is clearly impaired, manifesting as stilted speech, word approximation, and neologism. Clanging (glossomania) is straightforwardly explainable as distraction by self-monitoring. Recent research has begun to relate schizophrenia, which is partly genetic, to the genetic endowment that makes human language possible.
精神分裂症患者常常表现出异常的语言障碍。这是一篇对自19世纪以来关于精神分裂症语言的文献进行的广泛而批判性的综述。我们逐层考察精神分裂症患者的语言，从语音学、音系学、形态学、句法、语义学，到语用学。至少存在两种障碍（可能并非完全不同）：思维障碍，即无法维持话语计划，以及精神分裂性言语，包括各种类似言语障碍的情况，如言语错乱、新语症和难以理解的话语。思维障碍似乎主要是执行功能和语用学的紊乱，可能伴有句法 - 语义接口的损伤；精神分裂性言语涉及其他层面的紊乱。语音学通常也不正常（表现为语调平淡或音质异常），但音系结构、形态学和句法正常或近乎正常（已证实存在一些句法损伤）。词汇获取明显受损，表现为言语生硬、用词近似和新语症。言语错乱（言语狂）可直接解释为自我监控导致的注意力分散。最近的研究已开始将部分由基因决定的精神分裂症与使人类语言成为可能的基因天赋联系起来。
