González G, Hinojo M J, Mateo R, Medina A, Jiménez M
Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain.
Int J Food Microbiol. 2005 Nov 15;105(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.05.001. Epub 2005 Jul 11.
The natural mycobiota occurring in bee pollen is studied in the present report with special attention to analyze the incidence of fungal species that are potential producers of mycotoxins. A total of 90 ready-to-eat bee pollen samples were analyzed. Eighty-seven samples were collected in stores placed in different Spanish areas and three were from Buenos Aires (Argentina). The statistical results (ANOVA) showed that yeasts and Penicillium spp. were the predominant fungi. With regard to the potential mycotoxin producing species, Penicillium verrucosum, Aspergillus niger aggregate, Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Alternaria spp. were found. The last genus was isolated very frequently. The potential ability for producing ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxins B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2) was studied by culturing in vitro the isolates followed by analysis of these mycotoxins in culture extracts by HPLC with fluorescent detection. It was found that 100%, 53.3%, 33.3% and 25% of the isolates of A. carbonarius, A. ochraceus, P. verrucosum and A. niger aggregate, respectively, produced OTA. Moreover, 28.6% of the isolates from the A. flavus plus A. parasiticus group were able to produce aflatoxin B(1). Aflatoxin B(2) was detected in only 10% of the cultures. Aflatoxins G(1) and G(2) were not detected in cultures under the assayed conditions. This is the first report carried out on the natural mycobiota occurring in bee pollen in general and on the toxigenic capability of these isolates in particular.
本报告研究了蜂花粉中天然存在的真菌菌群，特别关注分析可能产生霉菌毒素的真菌种类的发生率。共分析了90份即食蜂花粉样品。其中87份样品采集于西班牙不同地区的商店，3份来自布宜诺斯艾利斯（阿根廷）。统计结果（方差分析）表明，酵母和青霉属是主要真菌。关于可能产生霉菌毒素的种类，发现了疣孢青霉、黑曲霉复合体、炭黑曲霉、赭曲霉、黄曲霉、寄生曲霉和链格孢属。最后一个属的分离频率非常高。通过体外培养分离物，然后用高效液相色谱荧光检测法分析培养提取物中的这些霉菌毒素，研究了产生赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）和黄曲霉毒素B（1）、B（2）、G（1）和G（2）的潜在能力。结果发现，炭黑曲霉、赭曲霉、疣孢青霉和黑曲霉复合体的分离物分别有100%、53.3%、33.3%和25%产生OTA。此外，黄曲霉加寄生曲霉组的分离物中有28.6%能够产生黄曲霉毒素B（1）。仅在10%的培养物中检测到黄曲霉毒素B（2）。在所检测的条件下，培养物中未检测到黄曲霉毒素G（1）和G（2）。这是第一份关于蜂花粉中天然真菌菌群的报告，特别是关于这些分离物产毒能力的报告。
