Niessen L, Schmidt H, Mühlencoert E, Färber P, Karolewiez A, Geisen R
Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Weihenstephaner Steig 16, D-85350 Freising, Freising, Germany.
Food Addit Contam. 2005 Apr;22(4):324-34. doi: 10.1080/02652030500058452.
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is detected worldwide in various food and feed sources. The compound is produced by Penicillium nordicum and P. verrucosum, as well as by various species within the sections Nigri and Circumdati of the genus Aspergillus, with A. ochraceus and A. carbonarius known to be the predominant producers. Recently, various pairs of PCR primers based on AFLP, RFLP, RAPD and the calmodulin gene were developed to set up novel diagnostic approaches for OTA producers in the Aspergillus and Penicillium genera. Real-time PCR assays based on well-characterized genomic sequences in A. ochraceus and P. nordicum have also been set up. Since the application of such assays to the analysis of contaminated sample material was demonstrated in only a few cases, future studies should be focused on applying such methods in rapid, robust and user-friendly applications, and implementing them in HACCP concepts. The recent detection and characterization of OTA biosynthetic pathway genes in the Penicillium genus is an important step towards understanding what mechanisms influence production of the toxin in order to redesign production processes in the food and feed industry and to keep de-novo synthesis to a minimum.
赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）在全球范围内的各种食品和饲料来源中均有检出。该化合物由北欧青霉和疣孢青霉产生，曲霉属黑曲霉群和近缘曲霉群中的多种曲霉也能产生，已知赭曲霉和炭黑曲霉是主要产生菌。最近，基于扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）、限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）、随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）和钙调蛋白基因开发了多对PCR引物，以建立针对曲霉属和青霉属中OTA产生菌的新型诊断方法。基于赭曲霉和北欧青霉中特征明确的基因组序列的实时PCR检测方法也已建立。由于仅在少数情况下展示了此类检测方法在分析受污染样品材料中的应用，未来的研究应侧重于将此类方法应用于快速、稳健且用户友好的应用中，并将其纳入危害分析与关键控制点（HACCP）概念。最近在青霉属中对OTA生物合成途径基因的检测和表征是朝着理解哪些机制影响毒素产生迈出的重要一步，以便重新设计食品和饲料行业的生产工艺，并将从头合成降至最低。
