Chen Aoju, Gussenhoven Carlos, Rietveld Toni
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, P.O. Box 310, 6500 AH Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Lang Speech. 2004;47(Pt 4):311-49. doi: 10.1177/00238309040470040101.
This study examines the perception of paralinguistic intonational meanings deriving from Ohala's Frequency Code (Experiment 1) and Gussenhoven's Effort Code (Experiment 2) in British English and Dutch. Native speakers of British English and Dutch listened to a number of stimuli in their native language and judged each stimulus on four semantic scales deriving from these two codes: SELF-CONFIDENT versus NOT SELF-CONFIDENT, FRIENDLY versus NOT FRIENDLY (Frequency Code); SURPRISED versus NOT SURPRISED, and EMPHATIC versus NOT EMPHATIC (Effort Code). The stimuli, which were lexically equivalent across the two languages, differed in pitch contour, pitch register and pitch span in Experiment 1, and in pitch register, peak height, peak alignment and end pitch in Experiment 2. Contrary to the traditional view that the paralinguistic usage of intonation is similar across languages, it was found that British English and Dutch listeners differed considerably in the perception of "confident," "friendly," "emphatic," and "surprised." The present findings support a theory of paralinguistic meaning based on the universality of biological codes, which however acknowledges a language-specific component in the implementation of these codes.
本研究考察了英式英语和荷兰语使用者对源自奥哈拉频率编码（实验1）和古森霍芬力度编码（实验2）的副语言语调意义的感知。以英式英语和荷兰语为母语的人听了许多用他们母语录制的刺激音，并根据源自这两种编码的四个语义量表对每个刺激音进行判断：自信与不自信、友好与不友好（频率编码）；惊讶与不惊讶、强调与不强调（力度编码）。在实验1中，两种语言在词汇上等价的刺激音在音高轮廓、音高范围和音高跨度上有所不同，在实验2中，在音高范围、峰值高度、峰值对齐和结尾音高上有所不同。与语调的副语言用法在不同语言中相似的传统观点相反，研究发现英式英语和荷兰语的听众在对“自信”“友好”“强调”和“惊讶”的感知上有很大差异。本研究结果支持一种基于生物编码普遍性的副语言意义理论，不过该理论承认在这些编码的应用中存在特定于语言的成分。
