Aitken Michael R F, Dickinson Anthony
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
Learn Behav. 2005 May;33(2):147-59. doi: 10.3758/bf03196059.
Dickinson and Burke (1996) proposed a modified version of Wagner's (1981) SOP associative theory to explain retrospective revaluation of human causal judgments. In this modified SOP (MSOP), excitatory learning occurs when cue and outcome representations are either both directly activated or both associatively activated. By contrast, inhibitory learning occurs when one representation is directly activated while the other is associatively activated. Finite node simulations of MSOP yielded simple acquisition, overshadowing, blocking, and inhibitory learning under forward contingencies. Importantly, retrospective revaluation was predicted in the form of unovershadowing and backward inhibitory learning. However, MSOP did not yield backward blocking. These predictions are evaluated against the relevant empirical evidence and contrasted with the predictions of other associative theories that have been applied to retrospective revaluation of human causal and predictive learning.
迪金森和伯克（1996年）提出了瓦格纳（1981年）的标准操作条件（SOP）联想理论的一个修改版本，以解释人类因果判断的回顾性重估。在这个修改后的SOP（MSOP）中，当线索和结果表征要么都被直接激活，要么都被联想激活时，兴奋性学习就会发生。相比之下，当一个表征被直接激活而另一个被联想激活时，抑制性学习就会发生。MSOP的有限节点模拟在前向条件下产生了简单习得、遮蔽、阻断和抑制性学习。重要的是，回顾性重估以去遮蔽和反向抑制性学习的形式被预测到。然而，MSOP并没有产生反向阻断。这些预测将根据相关的实证证据进行评估，并与其他已应用于人类因果和预测性学习回顾性重估的联想理论的预测进行对比。
