Peroxynitrite is a potent inhibitor of NF-{kappa}B activation triggered by inflammatory stimuli in cardiac and endothelial cell lines.

Peroxynitrite is a potent oxidant and nitrating species proposed as a direct effector of myocardial damage in numerous cardiac pathologies. Whether peroxynitrite also acts indirectly, by modulating cell signal transduction in the myocardium, has not been investigated. Therefore, we examined a possible role for peroxynitrite on the activation of NF-kappaB, a crucial pro-inflammatory transcription factor, in cultured H9C2 cardiomyocytes. H9C2 cells were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha or lipopolysaccharide following a brief (20-min) exposure to peroxynitrite. NF-kappaB activation (phosphorylation and degradation of its inhibitor IkappaBalpha, nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB p65, and NF-kappaB DNA binding) triggered by lipopolysaccharide or tumor necrosis factor-alpha was abrogated by peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite also inhibited NF-kappaB in two human endothelial cell lines activated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-1beta. These effects were related to oxidative but not nitrative chemistry and were still being observed while nitration was suppressed by epicatechin. The mechanism of NF-kappaB inhibition by peroxynitrite was a complete blockade of phosphorylation and activation of the upstream kinase IkappaB kinase (IKK) beta, required for canonical, pro-inflammatory NF-kappaB activation. At the same time, peroxynitrite activated phosphorylation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase and IKKalpha, considered as part of an alternative, noncanonical NF-kappaB activation pathway. Suppression of IKKbeta-dependent NF-kappaB activation translated into a marked inhibition of the transcription of NF-kappaB-dependent genes by peroxynitrite. Thus, peroxynitrite has a dual effect on NF-kappaB, inhibiting canonical IKKbeta-dependent NF-kappaB activation while activating NF-kappaB-inducing kinase and IKKalpha phosphorylation, which suggests its involvement in an alternative pathway of NF-kappaB activation. These findings offer new perspectives for the understanding of the relationships between redox stress and inflammation.