Monge-Rojas Rafael, Campos Hannia, Fernández Rojas Xinia
Costa Rican Institute for Research and Education on Nutrition and Health (INCIENSA), Ministry of Health, Apartado 4-2250, Tres Ríos, Costa Rica.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2005 Aug;24(4):286-93. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2005.10719476.
The purpose of this study is to determine whether intake of saturated fatty acids and cis- and trans-unsaturated fatty acids is associated with an urban compared to a rural lifestyle, and whether these associations are responsible for differences in plasma lipid concentrations.
Two hundred seventy-five adolescents, aged 12 to 19 years, living in rural and urban areas of San José, Costa Rica, were included in the study. All participants completed three-day food records, provided a fasting blood sample, and carried out a modified Harvard Step Test.
Compared to rural, urban adolescents reported higher intakes of energy-adjusted individual and total saturated fatty acids, total n-3, total n-6 (p < 0.05). Compared to rural, urban adolescents had higher intake of 18:1 (3.65 vs. 3.25, p = 0.0001) and 18:2 (0.62 vs. 0.80, p = 0.001) trans fatty acids, as well as lower intake of carbohydrate (p < 0.05). Palm shortening was the main source of saturated fat (32%), and partially hydrogenated soybean oil used for cooking was the main source of n-3 fatty acids (33%), n-6 fatty acids (33%) and trans fatty acids (34%). Compared to rural, urban adolescents had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure and higher plasma HDL cholesterol concentration (44 vs. 40 mg/dL, p < 0.0001), but were more likely to be sedentary (68% vs. 57%, p < 0.0001). Among environmental factors, higher carbohydrate intake was a significant determinant of a lower HDL cholesterol (beta coeff = -1.45, p = 0.04), while lauric and myristic fatty acids correlated with increased LDL cholesterol (beta coeff = 3.6, 1.7, p < 0.05).
A diet containing less carbohydrate and less saturated fatty acids contributes to a more beneficial lipid profile in Costa Rican adolescents, but a trend towards high trans fatty acids intake, particularly in the urban area, is worrisome given the well-known adverse effects of trans fatty acids.
本研究旨在确定与农村生活方式相比，饱和脂肪酸以及顺式和反式不饱和脂肪酸的摄入量是否与城市生活方式相关，以及这些关联是否导致血浆脂质浓度的差异。
本研究纳入了275名年龄在12至19岁之间、生活在哥斯达黎加圣何塞农村和城市地区的青少年。所有参与者都完成了为期三天的饮食记录，提供了空腹血样，并进行了改良的哈佛台阶试验。
与农村青少年相比，城市青少年报告的能量调整后的个体和总饱和脂肪酸、总n-3、总n-6摄入量更高（p < 0.05）。与农村青少年相比，城市青少年的反式脂肪酸18:1（3.65对3.25，p = 0.0001）和18:2（0.62对0.80，p = 0.001）摄入量更高，而碳水化合物摄入量更低（p < 0.05）。棕榈油是饱和脂肪的主要来源（32%），用于烹饪的部分氢化大豆油是n-3脂肪酸（33%）、n-6脂肪酸（33%）和反式脂肪酸（34%）的主要来源。与农村青少年相比，城市青少年的收缩压和舒张压更低，血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度更高（44对40mg/dL，p < 0.0001），但久坐不动的可能性更大（68%对57%，p < 0.0001）。在环境因素中，较高的碳水化合物摄入量是高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低的一个重要决定因素（β系数 = -1.45，p = 0.04），而月桂酸和肉豆蔻酸与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高相关（β系数 = 3.6、1.7，p < 0.05）。
碳水化合物和饱和脂肪酸含量较低的饮食有助于哥斯达黎加青少年形成更有益的血脂状况，但鉴于反式脂肪酸众所周知的不良影响，反式脂肪酸摄入量较高的趋势，尤其是在城市地区，令人担忧。
