Hodkinson Ian D
School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom St., Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2005 Aug;80(3):489-513. doi: 10.1017/s1464793105006767.
The literature on the response of insect species to the changing environments experienced along altitudinal gradients is diverse and widely dispersed. There is a growing awareness that such responses may serve as analogues for climate warming effects occurring at a particular fixed altitude or latitude over time. This review seeks, therefore, to synthesise information on the responses of insects and allied groups to increasing altitude and provide a platform for future research. It focuses on those functional aspects of insect biology that show positive or negative reaction to altitudinal changes but avoids emphasising adaptation to high altitude per se. Reactions can be direct, with insect characteristics or performance responding to changing environmental parameters, or they can be indirect and mediated through the insect's interaction with other organisms. These organisms include the host plant in the case of herbivorous insects, and also competitor species, specific parasitoids, predators and pathogens. The manner in which these various factors individually and collectively influence the morphology, behaviour, ecophysiology, growth and development, survival, reproduction, and spatial distribution of insect species is considered in detail. Resultant patterns in the abundance of individual species populations and of community species richness are examined. Attempts are made throughout to provide mechanistic explanations of trends and to place each topic, where appropriate, into the broader theoretical context by appropriate reference to key literature. The paper concludes by considering how montane insect species will respond to climate warming.
关于昆虫物种对沿海拔梯度所经历的不断变化的环境的响应的文献多种多样且分布广泛。人们越来越意识到，此类响应可作为特定固定海拔或纬度随时间推移发生的气候变暖影响的类似情况。因此，本综述旨在综合有关昆虫及相关类群对海拔升高的响应的信息，并为未来研究提供一个平台。它关注昆虫生物学中那些对海拔变化表现出正向或负向反应的功能方面，但避免强调对高海拔本身的适应。反应可以是直接的，即昆虫的特征或表现对不断变化的环境参数做出反应，也可以是间接的，并通过昆虫与其他生物的相互作用来介导。这些生物包括食草昆虫的寄主植物，以及竞争物种、特定的寄生蜂、捕食者和病原体。本文详细考虑了这些各种因素单独和共同影响昆虫物种的形态、行为、生态生理学、生长与发育、生存、繁殖及空间分布的方式。研究了单个物种种群数量和群落物种丰富度的最终模式。在整个过程中，我们试图为这些趋势提供机理解释，并在适当的时候通过适当引用关键文献将每个主题置于更广泛的理论背景中。本文最后探讨了山地昆虫物种将如何应对气候变暖。
