Frisvad Jens C, Skouboe Pernille, Samson Robert A
Center for Microbial Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
Syst Appl Microbiol. 2005 Jul;28(5):442-53. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2005.02.012.
Accumulation of the carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B, has been reported from members of three different groups of Aspergilli (4) Aspergillus flavus, A. flavus var. parvisclerotigenus, A. parasiticus, A. toxicarius, A. nomius, A. pseudotamarii, A. zhaoqingensis, A. bombycis and from the ascomycete genus Petromyces (Aspergillus section Flavi), (2) Emericella astellata and E. venezuelensis from the ascomycete genus Emericella (Aspergillus section Nidulantes) and (3) Aspergillus ochraceoroseus from a new section proposed here: Aspergillus section Ochraceorosei. We here describe a new species, A. rambellii referable to Ochraceorosei, that accumulates very large amounts of sterigmatocystin, 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin and aflatoxin B1, but not any of the other known extrolites produced by members of Aspergillus section Flavi or Nidulantes. G type aflatoxins were only found in some of the species in Aspergillus section Flavi, while the B type aflatoxins are common in all three groups. Based on the cladistic analysis of nucleotide sequences of ITS1 and 2 and 5.8S, it appears that type G aflatoxin producers are paraphyletic and that section Ochraceorosei is a sister group to the sections Flavi, Circumdati and Cervini, with Emericella species being an outgroup to these sister groups. All aflatoxin producing members of section Flavi produce kojic acid and most species, except A. bombycis and A. pseudotamarii, produce aspergillic acid. Species in Flavi, that produce B type aflatoxins, but not G type aflatoxins, often produced cyclopiazonic acid. No strain was found which produce both G type aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid. It was confirmed that some strains of A. flavus var. columnaris produce aflatoxin B2, but this extrolite was not detected in the ex type strain of that variety. A. flavus var. parvisclerotigenus is raised to species level based on the specific combination of small sclerotia, profile of extrolites and rDNA sequence differences. A. zhaoqingensis is regarded as a synonym of A. nomius, while A. toxicarius resembles A. parasiticus but differs with at least three base pair differences. At least 10 Aspergillus species can be recognized which are able to biosynthesize aflatoxins, and they are placed in three very different clades.
已报道三种不同曲霉属菌群的成员会积累致癌霉菌毒素黄曲霉毒素B₁：（1）黄曲霉、黄曲霉微小菌核变种、寄生曲霉、产毒曲霉、法氏曲霉、拟塔玛曲霉、肇庆曲霉、蚕曲霉以及子囊菌门的Petromyces属（曲霉属黄曲霉组）；（2）埃默森曲霉属的星状埃默森曲霉和委内瑞拉链格孢曲霉（曲霉属构巢曲霉组）；（3）来自本文提出的一个新组——曲霉属赭色玫瑰组的赭色玫瑰曲霉。我们在此描述了一个新物种——赭色玫瑰曲霉，它属于赭色玫瑰组，能积累大量的柄曲霉素、3 - O - 甲基柄曲霉素和黄曲霉毒素B₁，但不产生曲霉属黄曲霉组或构巢曲霉组成员产生的任何其他已知次生代谢产物。G型黄曲霉毒素仅在黄曲霉组的某些物种中发现，而B型黄曲霉毒素在所有这三个菌群中都很常见。基于ITS1、2和5.8S核苷酸序列的分支分析，似乎G型黄曲霉毒素产生菌是并系的，并且赭色玫瑰组是黄曲霉组、环纹曲霉组和鹿曲霉组的姐妹群，埃默森曲霉属物种是这些姐妹群的外类群。黄曲霉组所有产生黄曲霉毒素的成员都产生曲酸，除了蚕曲霉和拟塔玛曲霉外，大多数物种还产生曲霉酸。黄曲霉组中产生B型黄曲霉毒素但不产生G型黄曲霉毒素的物种通常产生环匹阿尼酸。未发现同时产生G型黄曲霉毒素和环匹阿尼酸的菌株。已证实黄曲霉柱状变种的一些菌株产生黄曲霉毒素B₂，但在该变种的模式菌株中未检测到这种次生代谢产物。基于小菌核的特定组合、次生代谢产物谱和rDNA序列差异，黄曲霉微小菌核变种被提升到种的水平。肇庆曲霉被视为法氏曲霉的同义词，而产毒曲霉与寄生曲霉相似，但至少有三个碱基对的差异。至少可以识别出10种能够生物合成黄曲霉毒素的曲霉物种，它们被置于三个非常不同的进化枝中。
