Frisvad J C, Hubka V, Ezekiel C N, Hong S-B, Nováková A, Chen A J, Arzanlou M, Larsen T O, Sklenář F, Mahakarnchanakul W, Samson R A, Houbraken J
Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, DTU-Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
Stud Mycol. 2019 Jun;93:1-63. doi: 10.1016/j.simyco.2018.06.001. Epub 2018 Jul 31.
Aflatoxins and ochratoxins are among the most important mycotoxins of all and producers of both types of mycotoxins are present in section , albeit never in the same species. Some of the most efficient producers of aflatoxins and ochratoxins have not been described yet. Using a polyphasic approach combining phenotype, physiology, sequence and extrolite data, we describe here eight new species in section . Phylogenetically, section is split in eight clades and the section currently contains 33 species. Two species only produce aflatoxin B and B ( and ), and 14 species are able to produce aflatoxin B, B, G and G: three newly described species and in addition to , , (formerly ) and . It is generally accepted that is unable to produce type G aflatoxins, but here we report on Korean strains that also produce aflatoxin G and G. One strain of can produce the immediate aflatoxin precursor 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin, and one strain of and two strains of produced versicolorins. Strains of the domesticated forms of and , and , respectively, lost their ability to produce aflatoxins, and from the remaining phylogenetically closely related species (belonging to the -, -, - and -clades), only , and are unable to produce aflatoxins. With exception of in the -clade, all species in the phylogenetically more distant clades (-, -, - and -clade) are unable to produce aflatoxins. Three out of the four species in the -clade can produce the mycotoxin ochratoxin A: . . and two new species described here as and . Eight species produced the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid: , , , and while the related mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid was produced by 13 species: , and . Furthermore, produced speradine A, a compound related to cyclopiazonic acid. Selected and strains produced small sclerotia containing the mycotoxin aflatrem. Kojic acid has been found in all species in section , except and . Only six species in the section did not produce any known mycotoxins: , and . An overview of other small molecule extrolites produced in section is given.
黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素是最重要的霉菌毒素中的两种，两种霉菌毒素的产生菌均存在于该组中，尽管从不在同一物种中。一些最有效的黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素产生菌尚未被描述。通过结合表型、生理学、序列和次生代谢产物数据的多相方法，我们在此描述了该组中的八个新物种。从系统发育角度来看，该组分为八个进化枝，目前该组包含33个物种。两个物种仅产生黄曲霉毒素B1和B2（分别为 和 ），14个物种能够产生黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1和G2：三个新描述的物种 、 和 ，此外还有 、 、 （原 ）和 。一般认为 不能产生G型黄曲霉毒素，但我们在此报告韩国菌株也能产生黄曲霉毒素G1和G2。一株 能产生直接的黄曲霉毒素前体3 - O - 甲基柄曲霉素，一株 和两株 产生杂色曲霉素。驯化形式的 和 的菌株，分别丧失了产生黄曲霉毒素的能力，并且在其余系统发育关系密切的物种（属于 - 、 - 、 - 和 - 进化枝）中，只有 、 和 不能产生黄曲霉毒素。除了 - 进化枝中的 外，系统发育关系较远的进化枝（ - 、 - 、 - 和 - 进化枝）中的所有物种都不能产生黄曲霉毒素。 - 进化枝中的四个物种中有三个能产生霉菌毒素赭曲霉毒素A： 、 和 以及在此描述为 和 的两个新物种。八个物种产生霉菌毒素细交链孢菌酮酸： 、 、 、 ，而相关霉菌毒素环匹阿尼酸由13个物种产生： 、 。此外， 产生与环匹阿尼酸相关的化合物斯皮拉定A。选定的 和 菌株产生含有霉菌毒素震颤毒素的小菌核。除了 和 外，该组中的所有物种都发现了 kojic酸。该组中只有六个物种不产生任何已知的霉菌毒素： 、 和 。给出了该组中产生的其他小分子次生代谢产物的概述。
