Vallée-Tourangeau Frédéric, Murphy Robin A, Baker A G
Psychology, School of Social Science, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, UK.
Q J Exp Psychol B. 2005 Apr;58(2):177-92. doi: 10.1080/02724990444000104.
In cause-outcome contingency judgement tasks, judgements often reflect the actual contingency but are also influenced by the overall probability of the outcome, P(O). Action-outcome instrumental learning tasks can foster a pattern in which judgements of positive contingencies become less positive as P(O) increases. Variable contiguity between the action and the outcome may produce this bias. Experiment 1 recorded judgements of positive contingencies that were largely uninfluenced by P(O) using an immediate contiguity procedure. Experiment 2 directly compared variable versus constant contiguity. The predicted interaction between contiguity and P(O) was observed for positive contingencies. These results stress the sensitivity of the causal learning mechanism to temporal contiguity.
在因果-结果关联性判断任务中，判断通常反映实际的关联性，但也会受到结果的总体概率P(O)的影响。行动-结果工具性学习任务可能会形成一种模式，即随着P(O)的增加，对正向关联性的判断会变得不那么积极。行动与结果之间的可变接近性可能会产生这种偏差。实验1使用即时接近程序记录了在很大程度上不受P(O)影响的正向关联性判断。实验2直接比较了可变接近性与恒定接近性。对于正向关联性，观察到了接近性与P(O)之间预测的交互作用。这些结果强调了因果学习机制对时间接近性的敏感性。
