Fromme H, Lahrz T, Hainsch A, Oddoy A, Piloty M, Rüden H
Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
Indoor Air. 2005 Oct;15(5):335-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00377.x.
This study was performed to examine exposure to typical carcinogenic traffic air pollutants in the city center of an urban area. In all, 123 apartments and 74 nursery schools were analyzed with and without tobacco smoke interference and the households in two measuring periods. Simultaneously, the air outside 61 apartment windows as well as the average daily traffic volume were measured. Elemental carbon (EC), the marker for particulate diesel exhaust and respirable particulate matter (RPM) were determined. The thermographic EC analysis was conducted with and without prior solvent extraction of the soluble carbon fraction. Comparison of these two thermographic EC measurements clearly showed that method-related differences in the results, especially for indoor measurements, when high background loads of organic material were present (e.g. tobacco smoke), existed. Solvent extraction prior to EC determination was therefore appropriate. For the first winter measuring period, the EC concentration levels without solvent extraction in the indoor air were about 50% higher than those measured in the spring/summer period. In the second measuring period (i.e. spring/summer), the median EC concentrations after solvent extraction were 1.9 microg/m3 for smokers' apartments and 2.1 microg/m3 for non-smokers' apartments, with RPM concentrations of 57 and 27 microg/m3, respectively. Nursery schools showed high concentrations with median values of 53 microg/m3 for RPM and 2.9 microg/m3 for EC after solvent extraction. A significant correlation between the fine dust and EC concentrations (after solvent extraction) in the indoor and ambient air was determined. Outdoor EC values were also correlated with the average daily traffic volume. The EC ratios between indoor and ambient concentration showed a median of 0.8 (range: 0.3-4.2) in non-smoker households and 0.9 (range: 0.4-1.5) in smoker apartments. Furthermore, the EC/RPM ratio in indoor and ambient air was 0.01-0.15 (median 0.06) and 0.04-0.37 (median 0.09), respectively.
In the absence of indoor sources a significant correlation with regard to respirable particulate matter (RPM) and elemental carbon concentrations between the indoor and ambient air of apartments was observed. The high degree of certainty resulting from this correlation underscores the importance of ambient air concentrations for indoor air quality. In nursery schools we found higher concentrations of RPM. An explanation of these results could be the high number of occupants in the room, their activity and the cleaning intensity.
本研究旨在检测城市市中心典型致癌性交通空气污染物的暴露情况。总共对123套公寓和74所幼儿园在有无烟草烟雾干扰以及两个测量时间段内的住户进行了分析。同时，测量了61套公寓窗外的空气以及日均交通流量。测定了元素碳（EC），其为颗粒柴油废气和可吸入颗粒物（RPM）的标志物。在有和没有对可溶性碳组分进行预先溶剂萃取的情况下进行了热成像EC分析。这两种热成像EC测量结果的比较清楚地表明，当存在高背景有机物质负荷（如烟草烟雾）时，尤其是室内测量，结果存在方法相关差异。因此，在测定EC之前进行溶剂萃取是合适的。在第一个冬季测量期，室内空气中未进行溶剂萃取的EC浓度水平比春/夏期测量的浓度高约50%。在第二个测量期（即春/夏），吸烟者公寓经溶剂萃取后的EC浓度中位数为1.9微克/立方米，非吸烟者公寓为2.1微克/立方米，RPM浓度分别为57和27微克/立方米。幼儿园经溶剂萃取后的RPM浓度中位数为53微克/立方米，EC为2.9微克/立方米，浓度较高。确定了室内和室外空气中细粉尘与EC浓度（经溶剂萃取后）之间存在显著相关性。室外EC值也与日均交通流量相关。非吸烟家庭室内与室外浓度的EC比值中位数为0.8（范围：0.3 - 4.2），吸烟公寓为0.9（范围：0.4 - 1.5）。此外，室内和室外空气中的EC/RPM比值分别为0.01 - 0.15（中位数0.06）和0.04 - 0.37（中位数0.09）。
在没有室内污染源的情况下，观察到公寓室内和室外空气中可吸入颗粒物（RPM）与元素碳浓度之间存在显著相关性。这种相关性所产生的高度确定性突出了室外空气浓度对室内空气质量的重要性。在幼儿园中，我们发现RPM浓度较高。这些结果的一个解释可能是室内居住人数众多、他们的活动以及清洁强度。
