Kay David, Wyer Mark, Crowther John, Stapleton Carl, Bradford Michael, McDonald Adrian, Greaves Jon, Francis Carol, Watkins John
River Basin Dynamics and Hydrology Research Group, IGES, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, UK.
Water Res. 2005 Oct;39(16):3967-81. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.07.006.
The Ribble drainage basin is the single UK sentinel study area chosen for examining the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD 20/60/EC). The study which has generated the data for this paper was initiated to quantify 'catchment-derived' fluxes of faecal indicators originating from both point and diffuse sources to inform the competent authorities on the potential for, and prioritization of, further options for reducing the faecal indicator loadings to this crucial coastal environment. It represents the first UK drainage basin-scale 'profile' of faecal indicator sources as recommended by WHO [1999. Health Based Monitoring of Recreational Waters: The Feasibility of a New Approach; the "Annapolis Protocol". World Health Organisation Geneva, Switzerland; 2003. Guidelines for Safe Recreational-Water Environments Volume 1: Coastal and Fresh-Waters. World Health Organisation Geneva, Switzerland] and incorporated into current drafts of the revised Bathing Water Directive [Anon, 2004. Council of the European Communities Amended proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the management of bathing water quality. Brussels 23rd June]. This paper focuses on the relationships between land use and faecal indicator organism concentrations in surface waters within this very large drainage basin (1583 km2) containing some extensive urban areas. A geographical information system comprising readily available digital elevation, remotely sensed land cover and digital map data was used to generate the land use variables for subcatchments draining to 41 locations across the study area. Presumptive concentrations of coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci (colony forming unit (cfu) 100 ml(-1)) were measured at each location on at least 20 occasions over a 44-day period within the 2002 bathing season. The sampling programme targeted hydrograph events. Hydrometric records were used to allocate results as either base flow or high flow. At each site, geometric mean faecal indicator organism concentrations were significantly elevated at high flow compared to base flow. Stepwise regression modelling produced statistically significant models predicting geometric mean base and high-flow faecal indicator organism concentrations from land use variables (r2: 49.5-68.1%). The dominant predictor variable in each case was the proportion of built-up land in subcatchments, suggesting that this land use type, with associated sewage-related inputs, is a critical source of faecal indicator organisms in this drainage basin.
里布尔流域是英国选定的唯一用于研究欧盟水框架指令（WFD 20/60/EC）实施情况的定点研究区域。本文所依据的数据来自一项研究，该研究旨在量化源自点源和非点源的粪便指示物的“集水区通量”，以便为相关主管部门提供信息，使其了解在这一重要沿海环境中减少粪便指示物负荷的进一步措施的可能性和优先顺序。它代表了英国首个按照世界卫生组织[1999年《基于健康的娱乐用水监测：新方法的可行性；“安纳波利斯议定书”》；2003年《安全娱乐用水环境指南第1卷：沿海和淡水》。世界卫生组织，瑞士日内瓦]的建议编制的流域尺度粪便指示物来源“概况”，并已纳入修订后的《沐浴水指令》[匿名，2004年《欧洲共同体理事会关于欧洲议会和理事会关于沐浴水质量管理指令的修订提案》。6月23日，布鲁塞尔]的现行草案中。本文重点研究了这个面积达1583平方公里、包含一些大面积城区的大型流域内土地利用与地表水中粪便指示生物浓度之间的关系。利用一个包含现成数字高程、遥感土地覆盖和数字地图数据的地理信息系统，生成了向研究区域内41个地点排水的子流域的土地利用变量。在2002年沐浴季节的44天内，在每个地点至少20次测量了大肠菌群、大肠杆菌和肠球菌的推定浓度（菌落形成单位（cfu）/100毫升）。采样计划针对水文事件。水文记录用于将结果区分为基流或高流量。在每个站点，与基流相比，高流量时粪便指示生物的几何平均浓度显著升高。逐步回归建模得出了具有统计学意义的模型，可根据土地利用变量预测几何平均基流和高流量粪便指示生物浓度（r2：49.5 - 68.1%）。在每种情况下，主要的预测变量都是子流域内建成区的比例，这表明这种与污水相关输入有关的土地利用类型是该流域粪便指示生物的关键来源。
