Gácsi Márta, Gyori Borbála, Miklósi Adám, Virányi Zsófia, Kubinyi Eniko, Topál József, Csányi Vilmos
Department of Ethology, Eötvös University, Budapest, Pázmány P. 1/c. 1117 Hungary.
Dev Psychobiol. 2005 Sep;47(2):111-22. doi: 10.1002/dev.20082.
In order to reveal early species-specific differences, we observed the behavior of dog puppies (n = 11) and wolf pups (n = 13) hand raised and intensively socialized in an identical way. The pups were studied in two object-preference tests at age 3, 4, and 5 weeks. After a short isolation, we observed the subjects' behavior in the presence of a pair of objects, one was always the subject's human foster parent (caregiver) and the other was varied; nursing bottle (3 weeks), unfamiliar adult dog (3 and 5 weeks), unfamiliar experimenter (4 and 5 weeks), and familiar conspecific age mate (4 weeks). Dogs and wolves did not differ in their general activity level during the tests. Wolf pups showed preference for the proximity of the caregiver in two of the tests; Bottle-Caregiver at the age of 3 weeks and Experimenter-Caregiver at the age of 5 weeks, while dogs showed preference to the caregiver in three tests; conspecific Pup-Caregiver and Experimenter-Caregiver at the age of 4 weeks and dog-caregiver at the age of 5. Compared to wolves, dogs tended to display more communicative signals that could potentially facilitate social interactions, such as distress vocalization, tail wagging, and gazing at the humans' face. In contrast to dog puppies, wolf pups showed aggressive behavior toward a familiar experimenter and also seemed to be more prone to avoidance. Our results demonstrate that already at this early age--despite unprecedented intensity of socialization and the comparable social (human) environment during early development--there are specific behavioral differences between wolves and dogs mostly with regard to their interactions with humans.
为了揭示早期物种特异性差异，我们观察了以相同方式人工饲养并进行强化社交的幼犬（n = 11）和狼崽（n = 13）的行为。这些幼崽在3、4和5周龄时接受了两项物体偏好测试。经过短暂隔离后，我们观察了受试对象在一对物体面前的行为，其中一个总是受试对象的人类养母（照顾者），另一个则有所不同；3周龄时是奶瓶，3周和5周龄时是不熟悉的成年犬，4周和5周龄时是不熟悉的实验者，4周龄时是熟悉的同种同龄伙伴。在测试过程中，狗和狼的总体活动水平没有差异。狼崽在两项测试中表现出对照顾者接近的偏好；3周龄时是奶瓶 - 照顾者，5周龄时是实验者 - 照顾者，而狗在三项测试中表现出对照顾者的偏好；4周龄时是同种幼犬 - 照顾者和实验者 - 照顾者，5周龄时是狗 - 照顾者。与狼相比，狗倾向于表现出更多可能促进社交互动的交流信号，如痛苦叫声、摇尾巴和注视人类面部。与幼犬不同，狼崽对熟悉的实验者表现出攻击行为，并且似乎更倾向于回避。我们的结果表明，即使在这个早期阶段——尽管在早期发育过程中进行了前所未有的高强度社交且社交（人类）环境相当——狼和狗之间仍存在特定的行为差异，主要体现在它们与人类的互动方面。
