Eisenberg Nancy, Zhou Qing, Spinrad Tracy L, Valiente Carlos, Fabes Richard A, Liew Jeffrey
Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
Child Dev. 2005 Sep-Oct;76(5):1055-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00897.x.
In a 3-wave longitudinal study (with assessments 2 years apart) involving 186 early adolescents (M ages of approximately 9.3, 11.4, and 13.4), the hypothesis that parental warmth/positive expressivity predicts children's effortful control (EC) (a temperamental characteristic contributing to emotion regulation) 2 years later, which in turn predicts low levels of externalizing problems another 2 years later, was examined. The hypothesis that children's EC predicts parenting over time was also examined. Parents were observed interacting with their children; parents and teachers reported children's EC and externalizing problems; and children's persistence was assessed behaviorally. Children's EC mediated the relation between positive parenting and low levels of externalizing problems (whereas there was no evidence that children's EC predicted parenting).
在一项三波纵向研究（评估间隔为两年）中，研究对象为186名青少年早期个体（平均年龄约为9.3岁、11.4岁和13.4岁），研究检验了以下假设：父母的温暖/积极表达性能够预测两年后孩子的努力控制能力（EC）（一种有助于情绪调节的气质特征），而这反过来又能预测再过两年外化问题的低水平。还检验了孩子的努力控制能力随时间推移预测养育方式的假设。观察父母与孩子的互动；父母和教师报告孩子的努力控制能力和外化问题；并通过行为评估孩子的坚持性。孩子的努力控制能力介导了积极养育方式与低水平外化问题之间的关系（而没有证据表明孩子的努力控制能力能预测养育方式）。
