Mattler Uwe
Department of Neurology II, Center for Advanced Imaging, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44 (Haus 1), D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
Cogn Psychol. 2005 Nov;51(3):214-55. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2005.05.002. Epub 2005 Sep 9.
When participants use cues to prepare for a likely stimulus or a likely response, reaction times are facilitated by valid cues but prolonged by invalid cues. In studies on combined expectancy effects, two cues give information regarding two dimensions of the forthcoming task. When the two cues consist of two separable stimuli their effects are approximately additive. When cues are presented as an integrated stimulus, cueing effects interact. A model is presented that simulates effects like these. The model assumes that cues affect different processing stages. When implicit information suggests that expectancies are unrelated, as for instance with separated cues, cueing effects at early and late levels of processing remain independent. When implicit information suggests that expectancies are related, as with integrated cues, however, a mechanism that is sensitive to the validity of the early stage cue, leads to an adjustment of the cueing effect at the late stage. The model is based on neurophysiologically plausible assumptions, it is given explicitly in mathematical terms, and it provides a good fit to a large body of empirical data.
当参与者使用线索为可能出现的刺激或可能的反应做准备时，有效线索会缩短反应时间，而无效线索则会延长反应时间。在关于联合预期效应的研究中，两个线索提供了关于即将到来任务的两个维度的信息。当两个线索由两个可分离的刺激组成时，它们的效应大致是相加的。当线索作为一个整合的刺激呈现时，线索效应会相互作用。本文提出了一个模拟此类效应的模型。该模型假设线索会影响不同的加工阶段。当隐含信息表明预期是不相关的，例如对于分离的线索，早期和晚期加工水平的线索效应保持独立。然而，当隐含信息表明预期是相关的，如对于整合的线索，一个对早期线索有效性敏感的机制会导致晚期线索效应的调整。该模型基于神经生理学上合理的假设，以数学术语明确给出，并且与大量实证数据拟合良好。
