Steinacker J M, Brkic M, Simsch C, Nething K, Kresz A, Prokopchuk O, Liu Y
Sektion Sport- und Rehabilitationsmedizin, Medizinische Klinik, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Horm Metab Res. 2005 Sep;37(9):538-44. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-870419.
During the acute training response, peripheral cellular mechanisms are mainly metabolostatic to achieve energy supply. During prolonged training, glycogen deficiency occurs; this is associated with increased expression of local cytokines, and decreased insulin secretion and beta-adrenergic stimulation and lipolysis in adipose tissue which looses energy. This is indicated by decrease of adipocyte hormone leptin, which has inhibitory effects on excitatory hypothalamic neurons. Leptin, insulin, and cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) contribute to the metabolic error signal to the hypothalamus which result in decrease of hypothalamic release hormones and sympathoadrenergic stimulation. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is correlated to the metabolic hormones leptin and insulin, and may be used as indicator of metabolic control. Because the hypothalamus integrates various error signals (metabolic, hormonal, sensory afferents, and central stimuli), the pituitary's releasing hormones represent the functional status of an athlete. Long-term overtraining will lead to downregulation of hypothalamic hormonal and sympathoadrenergic responses, catabolism, and fatigue. These changes contribute to myopathy with predominant expression of slow muscle fiber type and inadequacy in performance. Thyroid hormones are closely involved in the training response and metabolic control.
在急性训练反应期间，外周细胞机制主要是代谢稳定的，以实现能量供应。在长期训练期间，会出现糖原缺乏；这与局部细胞因子表达增加、胰岛素分泌减少、β-肾上腺素能刺激减少以及脂肪组织中能量损失的脂解作用有关。这表现为脂肪细胞激素瘦素的减少，瘦素对下丘脑兴奋性神经元有抑制作用。瘦素、胰岛素和细胞因子如白细胞介素6（IL-6）会导致向下丘脑传递代谢错误信号，从而导致下丘脑释放激素和交感肾上腺素能刺激减少。促甲状腺激素（TSH）与代谢激素瘦素和胰岛素相关，可作为代谢控制的指标。由于下丘脑整合各种错误信号（代谢、激素、感觉传入和中枢刺激），垂体的释放激素代表了运动员的功能状态。长期过度训练会导致下丘脑激素和交感肾上腺素能反应下调、分解代谢和疲劳。这些变化会导致以慢肌纤维类型为主的肌病以及运动能力不足。甲状腺激素密切参与训练反应和代谢控制。
