A radioimmunoassay for measurement of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine sulfate: studies in thyroidal and nonthyroidal diseases, pregnancy, and neonatal life.

A highly sensitive, specific, and reproducible RIA has been developed to measure T3 sulfate (T3S). Only T4 sulfate cross-reacted significantly (approximately 3%) in the RIA; rT3 sulfate, T4, T3, rT3, and diiodothyronine cross-reacted less than 0.01%. T3S was bound by thyronine-binding globulin and albumin in serum. The free fraction of T3S in four normal sera averaged 0.25% compared to a value of 0.35% for T3. Therefore, T3S was measured in ethanol extracts of serum. Recovery of the nonradioactive T3S added to serum averaged 92%. The dose-response curves of inhibition of binding of [125I]T3S to anti-T3S antibody by serial dilutions of serum extracts were essentially parallel to the standard curve. The detection threshold of the RIA was 20 pmol/L (1.5 ng/dL). The coefficient of variation averaged 7.8% within an assay and 11% between assays. The serum concentration of T3S was (mean +/- SE) 76 +/- 7.2 pmol/L in normal subjects, 268 +/- 29 in hyperthyroid patients with Graves' disease, 92 +/- 28 in hypothyroid patients, 201 +/- 32 in patients with systemic nonthyroidal illnesses, 40 +/- 6.2 in pregnant women (15-31 weeks gestation), and 429 +/- 39 in cord sera of newborns; the values in hyperthyroidism, nonthyroidal illnesses, and newborns were significantly different from normal (P less than 0.01). The mean concentration of T3S in amniotic fluid samples at 15-31 weeks gestation (90 +/- 1.3 pmol/L) was significantly higher than the corresponding value in maternal serum (P less than 0.05) and significantly lower than the corresponding value in newborn cord blood serum (P less than 0.001). Oral administration of sodium ipodate (Oragrafin; 3 g) to two hyperthyroid patients was associated with a 76-190% increase in serum T3S at 8 h, followed by a gradual decrease to a nadir that was 25-60% of the baseline value 2-3 days after ipodate ingestion. We conclude that 1) T3S is a normal component of human serum, and its levels change substantially in several physiological and pathological conditions; 2) sulfation pathway plays an important role in the metabolism of iodothyronines in man; and 3) high serum T3S levels in newborns and low normal levels in pregnancy despite elevated thyronine-binding globulin levels may signify markedly different metabolism of T3S in the mother and fetus.