Whyte Adele L H, Marshall Stephen J, Chambers Geoffrey K
Institute for Molecular Systematics, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
Hum Biol. 2005 Apr;77(2):157-77. doi: 10.1353/hub.2005.0045.
The number of eastern Polynesian females required to found the Maori population of Aotearoa (New Zealand) has been recalculated. Our estimates use computer simulations that incorporate realistic sigmoid population growth models and include previously published and new mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 3' hypervariable region 1 sequences from Măori (N = 109) and other eastern Polynesian (N = 125) volunteers. Approximately 190 (170-230) women are estimated to have been present in the founding waka (canoes). This new figure is more than double the previous estimate (Murray-McIntosh et al. 1998). Our claim for a large Maori founding population fits well with Măori oral history and has additional support from Măori paleodemography studies based on fertility estimates (Brewis et al. 1990; Pool 1991). An increasing body of data, including our own, supports the concept of planned multiple settlement voyages to Aotearoa by Polynesian navigators, leading us to suggest that theories for an "accidental discovery" of Aotearoa can now be completely disregarded. Four rare and novel Măori mtDNA haplotypes have been identified in the present study, but we are unable to assign the immediate origin of Măori to an exact Pacific island "homeland" because these haplotypes are not currently known elsewhere in Polynesia. We also discuss briefly the ultimate origin of all Polynesians (including Măori) in a wider context. In general, we support the emerging consensus for Pacific origins most closely encapsulated by the "slow boat" model (Oppenheimer and Richards 2001a). Previously "competing" models for the settlement of Oceania are seen as extremes in a continuum of possibilities with the slow boat representing an "intermediate" model. We suggest that a complete account is now close, incorporating data from all relevant interdisciplinary fields to provide a "synthetic total evidence theory."
对建立奥特亚罗瓦（新西兰）毛利人种群所需的东波利尼西亚女性数量进行了重新计算。我们的估计采用了计算机模拟，其中纳入了现实的S型人口增长模型，并包括先前发表的以及来自毛利人（N = 109）和其他东波利尼西亚人（N = 125）志愿者的新线粒体DNA（mtDNA）3'高变区1序列。据估计，最初的瓦卡（独木舟）上大约有190名（170 - 230名）女性。这个新数字是先前估计值的两倍多（默里 - 麦金托什等人，1998年）。我们关于毛利人建立种群规模较大的说法与毛利人的口述历史非常吻合，并且基于生育率估计的毛利古人口统计学研究（布鲁伊斯等人，1990年；普尔，1991年）提供了额外支持。越来越多的数据，包括我们自己的数据，支持了波利尼西亚航海者有计划地多次前往奥特亚罗瓦定居的概念，这使我们认为现在可以完全摒弃关于奥特亚罗瓦“意外发现”的理论。在本研究中鉴定出了四种罕见且新颖的毛利人mtDNA单倍型，但由于这些单倍型目前在波利尼西亚其他地方尚不为人知，所以我们无法将毛利人的直接起源确定到确切的太平洋岛屿“故乡”。我们还在更广泛的背景下简要讨论了所有波利尼西亚人（包括毛利人）的最终起源。总体而言，我们支持“慢船”模型（奥本海默和理查兹，2001a）最能概括的关于太平洋起源的新共识。以前用于大洋洲定居的“相互竞争”模型被视为连续可能性中的极端情况，而慢船模型代表了一种“中间”模型。我们认为，现在已经接近一个完整的描述，它整合了所有相关跨学科领域的数据，以提供一个“综合全证据理论”。
