Kayser M, Brauer S, Weiss G, Underhill P A, Roewer L, Schiefenhövel W, Stoneking M
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
Curr Biol. 2000 Oct 19;10(20):1237-46. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00734-x.
Two competing hypotheses for the origins of Polynesians are the 'express-train' model, which supposes a recent and rapid expansion of Polynesian ancestors from Asia/Taiwan via coastal and island Melanesia, and the 'entangled-bank' model, which supposes a long history of cultural and genetic interactions among Southeast Asians, Melanesians and Polynesians. Most genetic data, especially analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation, support the express-train model, as does linguistic and archaeological evidence. Here, we used Y-chromosome polymorphisms to investigate the origins of Polynesians.
We analysed eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and seven short tandem repeat (STR) loci on the Y chromosome in 28 Cook Islanders from Polynesia and 583 males from 17 Melanesian, Asian and Australian populations. We found that all Polynesians belong to just three Y-chromosome haplotypes, as defined by unique event polymorphisms. The major Y haplotype in Polynesians (82% frequency) was restricted to Melanesia and eastern Indonesia and most probably arose in Melanesia. Coalescence analysis of associated Y-STR haplotypes showed evidence of a population expansion in Polynesians, beginning about 2,200 years ago. The other two Polynesian Y haplotypes were widespread in Asia but were also found in Melanesia.
All Polynesian Y chromosomes can be traced back to Melanesia, although some of these Y-chromosome types originated in Asia. Together with other genetic and cultural evidence, we propose a new model of Polynesian origins that we call the 'slow-boat' model: Polynesian ancestors did originate from Asia/Taiwan but did not move rapidly through Melanesia; rather, they interacted with and mixed extensively with Melanesians, leaving behind their genes and incorporating many Melanesian genes before colonising the Pacific.
关于波利尼西亚人的起源存在两种相互竞争的假说，即“特快列车”模型，该模型认为波利尼西亚人的祖先近期从亚洲/台湾经由美拉尼西亚沿海和岛屿迅速扩张而来；以及“纠缠河岸”模型，该模型认为东南亚人、美拉尼西亚人和波利尼西亚人之间存在着长期的文化和基因互动历史。大多数基因数据，尤其是对线粒体DNA（mtDNA）变异的分析，支持“特快列车”模型，语言和考古证据也是如此。在这里，我们利用Y染色体多态性来研究波利尼西亚人的起源。
我们分析了来自波利尼西亚的28名库克岛民以及来自17个美拉尼西亚、亚洲和澳大利亚群体的583名男性的Y染色体上的8个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）和7个短串联重复（STR）位点。我们发现，所有波利尼西亚人仅属于由独特事件多态性定义的三种Y染色体单倍型。波利尼西亚人中主要的Y单倍型（频率为82%）局限于美拉尼西亚和印度尼西亚东部，很可能起源于美拉尼西亚。对相关Y-STR单倍型的溯祖分析显示，波利尼西亚人大约在2200年前开始出现群体扩张的证据。另外两种波利尼西亚Y单倍型在亚洲广泛分布，但在美拉尼西亚也有发现。
所有波利尼西亚人的Y染色体都可以追溯到美拉尼西亚，尽管其中一些Y染色体类型起源于亚洲。结合其他基因和文化证据，我们提出了一种新的波利尼西亚起源模型，我们称之为“慢船”模型：波利尼西亚人的祖先确实起源于亚洲/台湾，但并非迅速穿过美拉尼西亚；相反，他们与美拉尼西亚人进行了互动并广泛混合，在留下自己基因的同时，在殖民太平洋之前融入了许多美拉尼西亚人的基因。
