White J M, Ryan C F
Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Drug Alcohol Rev. 1996 Jun;15(2):145-55. doi: 10.1080/09595239600185801.
Ketamine is a dissociative anaesthetic that is being used in non-medical contexts. The effects of ketamine are very similar to those of phencyclidine, another dissociative anaesthetic that has enjoyed considerable popularity as a recreational drug. The effects of ketamine include analgesia, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, dissociation, hallucinations and anaesthesia. The potential dangers of uncontrolled ketamine use include psychosis and violence, accidents and marked psychomotor and cognitive impairment. Although studies have shown potential for tolerance to and physical dependence on ketamine, further investigation of these phenomena is needed. Ketamine is thought to produce most of its effects through antagonist activity at the PCP site of the NMDA receptor complex. Ketamine has sympathomimetic properties resulting from enhancement of catecholamine, and particularly dopamine, activity. While opioid receptor activity has been identified, this is relatively weak and the contribution to the effects of ketamine is not clear. Although much is known of the clinical uses and effects of ketamine, as yet little is understood of ketamine as a recreational drug and potential drug of dependence.
氯胺酮是一种正在非医疗环境中使用的分离麻醉剂。氯胺酮的效果与苯环己哌啶非常相似，苯环己哌啶是另一种分离麻醉剂，作为一种消遣性药物颇受欢迎。氯胺酮的效果包括镇痛、心血管和呼吸刺激、分离感、幻觉和麻醉。无节制使用氯胺酮的潜在危险包括精神病、暴力行为、事故以及明显的精神运动和认知障碍。尽管研究表明氯胺酮存在耐受性和身体依赖性的可能性，但仍需对这些现象进行进一步研究。氯胺酮被认为主要通过对N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体复合物中苯环己哌啶位点的拮抗活性产生其大部分效果。氯胺酮具有拟交感神经特性，这是由于儿茶酚胺，特别是多巴胺的活性增强所致。虽然已确定存在阿片受体活性，但这种活性相对较弱，其对氯胺酮效果的贡献尚不清楚。尽管人们对氯胺酮的临床用途和效果了解很多，但对于氯胺酮作为一种消遣性药物和潜在成瘾药物的了解还很少。
